Physical

Question 1

Holderness

SMP

Answer 1

Homes near the cliffs and at risk of collapsing into the sea
80,000km2 of farmland lost every year
11.4km of the coastline is prottected by hard engineering
Easington - Rip rap to slow down rate of erosion. 25m from the coastline is a gas terminal that supplies 25% of the Uk’s gas.
Mappleton - £2 million spent on installation of 2 rock groynes in 1991
= causing starvation to Aldbrough

Question 2

Odisha

ICZM

Answer 2

A dynamic coastline with only 14% of it stable.
Mangroves over the past 50 years rapidly decreased from 5.1 km to 1.2 km.
Increased erosion

ICZM have tried to reverse the decades of mangrove destruction:

• Help villages to cultivate and plant mangroves along the coastline
• Sea wall installed using geosynthetic tubes = reduced cost, quicker to build and environmentally friendly :)

Cyclone Fani - Highlights the importance of mangroves as they are a natural defence against the sea and tropical storms.

Question 3

Amazon

Answer 3

Deforestation
Nearly 100,000 acres of forest cleared everyday :(

Water:

• 75% of total precipitation intercepted by the trees
• 2.7 million square drainage basin

Carbon:

• 1/5th of all carbon in the Earth’s biomass
• 90-140 billion metric tons of carbon is stored in Amazon

Mitigation:
-Selective logging
-Afforestation
-Protection of national parks e.g. Para Rainforest reserve
-ACTO = 8 countries
   promote sustainable development
   monitor and prevent illegal logging

Question 4

River Exe

Answer 4

Source is Exmoor and flows 82 km to sea at Exmouth
Run off accounts for 65% of water

Natural geology - 84% is Devonian sands - impermeable

Installation of drainage ditches

• unlocks carbon stores
• reduces amount of water storage = flashy hydropgraphs

Projects:
Wimbleball reservoir dammed in 1979
-helped to meet the demands of an urbanisation and population growth in Exeter.
Exmoor Mires Porject
-Works to resore peat bogs by blocking drainage ditches
= allows a water storage in the upper chambers
= raised the water table by 2 cm
closer to dynamic equilibrium

Question 5

Wildfire : Black Saturday Bushfire

Answer 5

Australia 7th Feb 2009

• Heatwave and reached temperature of 45.1 degrees
• Humidity was less that 10%
• Dry land and vegetation
• Ignited by power lines clashing = HUMANS!

Over 1,000,000 acres of land burnt
7,000 homeless

Response: £465 million from Gov for reconstruction
200,000 raised for fire relief fund appeal
New fire hazard system- more accurate at predicting and alerts residents to leave when at high risk

Question 6

Volcano: Eyjafjallajökull

Answer 6

Ash was very fine particles
10 million airline passengers affected
$200,000 lost by airline companies each day BUT Eurostar gained passengers = £££
30,000 tonnes of CO2 = phytoplankton bloomed using iron from Ash
Response:
Text message alert system in place
FutureVol is a funded project by the EU who installed the Earthquake monitoring devices

Question 7

Volcano: Nyiragongo

Answer 7

300,000 fled to Rwanda
Cholera spread amoung the refugees

Emergency aid from UN and Oxfam to Rwanda

Response:
7000 children educated
Goma Volcano observatory opened

Question 8

Tropical Storm: Hurricane Katrina

Answer 8

29th Auguest 2005
80% of New Orleans flooded
230,000 jobs lost
Preparation: 
-80% evacuated
-1.2 million evacuation notices 
-20,000 sheltered in Superdome
Response:
-50,000 rescued
-800,000 people given mental health help by the Red Cross
-During the rebuilding process New Orleans was gentrified meaning that the previous residents were unable to buy the house as it was too expensive.  = 140,000 loss of black residents = decreasing diversity

Question 9

Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami

Answer 9

HICs 11th March 2011
8.9 magnitude/Destructive plate boundary/14 miles deep focus/10 m tsunami wave, which went 10 km inland
*80 miles off the cost of Sendai
20,000 killed/112,000 destroyed building
*$300,000 billion cost of damage
*Fukushima power plant radiation exposure
*Bullet trains have earthquake sensors and 27 moving trains in action stopped immediately and resulted in no deaths in the trains.
Response:
*40% of the coastline has 10 m seawall
*Regular Earthquake drills
*Earthquake proog buildings e.g Skytree
*Media coverage = all tvs alert everyone in Japan
*Evacuation emergency kits

Question 10

Philippines multi hazardous event

Answer 10

340 people per km2 = densely populates

Volcano: Destructive boundary 
Mount Pinatubo (1991)

Seismic: Moro gulf (7.9 mag) caused tsunami

Tropical storm :Typhoon Xangsane

2009 onward policy for disasters changes

• build embankments to prevent flooding
• education
• monitoring