Global governance Flashcards
Global commons
Atmosphere, High Seas, Outer Space and Antarctica
Cyber space
Common heritage of mankind
The tragedy of the commons
Antarctic treaty
Signed in 1959 53 countries and end is 2048 -peaceful reasons -cooperate scientific research -remain in the global commons -banned military services -they have frequent meetings to discuss matters
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic marine living resources (CCAMLR)
- 25 members established in 1982
- wanted to conserve marine life
- there is increasing commercial interest e.g krill that is being exploited
- consideration of the impact on the ecosystem so practices still take place but more sustainable
International whaling comission
- protection of certain species
- whale sanctuaries in certain areas
- prohibiting the capture of female and calves
Commercial whaling has been brought to a halt (EXCEPT aboriginal subsistence whaling - tribes)
However Japan continues to evade the ban using a ‘special permit’
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
ASOC
30 NGOs e.g Greenpeace and WWF
- The only NGO working full time to preserve the continent and surrounding ocean
- Conclude negotiations on the continents fishing policies
- Prevent oil and gas mineral exploitation
- To open up ATS to include NGOs and specialist bodies
Factors that contribute to the need of global governance
- Globalisation
- Terrorism/security threats
- Climate change
- Environmental issues
Key players in global governance
Local - Istanbul biodegradable plastic made from banana skins
National - China wanted to wipe out the 43 million people in poverty. 90 min walk from bottom of 800 m cliff- the ladder is a symbol for the huge challenges they face.
Gov has improved access by steel ladder rather than wooden
International- NGO- Farm AFRICA - subsistence farming
United Nations
Sustainable development goals
17 goals e.g no poverty, 0 hunger, climate action
Previously the millennium goals - poverty halved
Aims of new goals agenda is 2030. There are smaller gals within each main goal.
Malawi
Migrant workers who are qualified move to wealthy countries and send money back home to family wanting to study.
- This is known as Brain Drain, where educated people move countries to get more money but Malawi will not improve as no qualified doctors for their country.
Shell (TNC)
Nigeria (MINT-economic emerging companies)
Largest economy in Africa
112 million live in poverty
Aliko Dangote is the richest man in Africa
- In June, an explosion at one of Nigeria’s major pipelines spilled 6,000 barrels of crude into the creeks and swamps around Bodo village, killing several people.
- Shell is blaming local residents for vandalism if there is faults with the pipelines rather than their own faulty equipment
- Loss of raw materials like fish from destruction of mangroves- loss of livelihoods
94% of women are illiterate in Nigeria
Nuts
Groundnut - Senegal
World Bank gave money to pay off debts
Borrowed more money - trade liberalisations
Removal of tarrifs = price of nuts decreased = debt out of control = lack of funds for healthcare and schools
Cashew - Mozambique
IMF = allowed farmers to sell to the highest bidders
Cashew prices were so high factories closed so 2 main export companies could dictate the price and resulted in even lower prices than before
Peanut -USA
Cash crop and heavily subsided industry
Financial bonus and allows the nuts to be sold cheaper
-USA are in no debt and could set up business without loans
-high demand for peanuts in USA = £££
Bananas
Stable food for 400 million people
80% exported fro Latin America or the Caribbean
42% profits taken by retailer (Tesco) = hence why Fairtrade is important
Race to the bottom= TNCs relocate location for lowest labour costs and weaker legalisations so they gain the most £££
Antarctica threats
Climate change
Tourists
Fishing and Whaling
Mineral exploitation
UNEP
Governs world environment
- limits countries protecting their own interests
Apple (TNC)
- 11th largest TNC
- 98,000 empolyed full time
- Corks largest employers
- Helped perception of Celtic Tiger economy
- 2009 50 workers poisoned by toxic chemicals used to -clean the screen of phones
- String of globally reported suicides in 2009-2010 = China
- Green my apple campaign to improve environmental credentials - 75% renewable energy
