Physical

Question 1

Name the 2 types of wave

Answer 1

constructive and destructive

Question 2

Describe the characteristics of a destructive wave

Answer 2

Weak swash, strong back wash, tall waves, waves with a steep gradient, waves more frequent (more than 10 per min break on the shore). Cause erosion

Question 3

Describe the characteristics of a constructive wave

Answer 3

weak backwash, strong swash, long wave length, shallow gradient waves, waves less frequent (less than 10 per min break on the shore).Cause deposition

Question 4

Explain the process of hydraulic action

Answer 4

the force of the water hitting the cliffs, often forcing pockets of air into the cracks and crevices of a cliff face.

Question 5

Explain the process of Abrasion

Answer 5

this is caused when the waves pick up stones and hurl them at the cliffs causing them to wear away

Question 6

Explain the process of attrition

Answer 6

any material carried by the waves will become rounder and smaller overtime as it collides with other particles and all the sharp edges get knocked off.

Question 7

Explain the process of corrosion

Answer 7

the dissolving of rocks and minerals by the sea.

Question 8

Draw a diagram which shows the formation of a cave, arch, stack and stump - with labels/annotations

Answer 8

Question 9

Draw a diagram showing the process of longshore drift with labels/annotations

Answer 9

Question 10

How does a spit form?

Answer 10

longshore drift transports sediment along the coast beyond a bend/change in direction of the coastline. The spit is in open water and becomes curved because it is exposed to strong winds and waves.

Question 11

Where does a salt marsh form?

Answer 11

behind a spit, it is sheltered and deposition can occur.

Question 12

What are the impacts of cliff recession in Holderness?

Answer 12

The soft boulder clay is easily eroded. Social – People are being forced to leave their homes as the coastline is eroded, i.e. Spurn Point spit and Cowden. Economic – Towns, homes, businesses and tourist attractions are being lost to the sea. Farmland is being lost to the sea. Environment – Important salt marshes behind Spurn Point and local beaches are being destroyed.

Question 13

Where are do earthquakes and volcanic eruption occur?

Answer 13

Along plate boundaries

Question 14

Why earthquakes and volcanoes occur?

Answer 14

Plate tectonics theory states the earth is split into different plates which sit on top of magma and the convection currents below the plates cause the plates to move.

Question 15

name the 2 types of tectonic plate

Answer 15

Oceanic and continental

Question 16

describe the characteristics of an oceanic tectonic plate

Answer 16

Thinner than continental crust (5-10km thick) high density material

Question 17

describe the characteristics of a oceanic tectonic plate

Answer 17

Thinner than continental crust (5-10km thick) high density material

Question 18

Draw a diagram to show what happens when an oceanic and continental plate meet

Answer 18

Question 19

describe the plate movement at a conservative plate boundary and name an example.

Answer 19

plates slide past each-other (can be in the same of different direction). An example is San Andreas

Question 20

What does the richter scale measure?

Answer 20

the strength of an earthquake according the amount of energy that is released during and earthquake as measured by a seismograph.

Question 21

what does the Mercalli scale measure?

Answer 21

using Roman numerals, it measures the effects of the earthquake based on what people feel about the amount of damaged caused

Question 22

Draw a diagram showing the formation of a hotspot volcano - add labels and annotations

Answer 22

Question 23

describe what happens at convergent plate boundaries (movement and what is created)

Answer 23

plates move towards each other. the convergence of 2 continental plates is known as a collision boundary and causes earthquakes and creates fold mountains such as the Himalayas.

Question 24

describe what happens at divergent plate boundaries (movement and what is created)

Answer 24

plates move away from each other. When oceanic plates are moving away from each other it causes cracks and in the rocks which if filled by rising magma. It can create sub-marine volcanoes which overtime can build up to create volcanic islands e.g Iceland. When continental plates diverge a rift valley is formed e.g east Africa.

Question 25

Draw a diagram showing how convection currents drive plate movement

Answer 25

magma is heated by the outercore, it then rises towards the crust where it cools and sinks back down towards the outercore….repeats

Question 26

What is the name of the central point of an earthquake, deep inside the earth’s crust?

Answer 26

The focus, this is where the greatest release of energy occurs. The epicentre is directly above the focus.

Question 27

Why do people live near volcanoes?

Answer 27

Natural benefits: fertile soils e.g Sicily, many farmers grow grapes on the slopes of Mt Etna. Volcanoes also attracts tourists (Iceland/Italy) this provided jobs and income for people.

Question 28

What were the effects of the Montserrat volcanic eruption?

Answer 28

social- 23 deaths, half the population evacuated to the north of the Island environmental - 2 thirds of the island covered in ash, fires caused by volcanic gases igniting, river flooded because they were blocked by ash Economic- Plymouth, the capital, became abandoned, crops and animals destroyed, port and airport caused badly affecting the tourist industry.

Question 29

How do people try to predict earthquakes?

Answer 29

they monitor animal behaviour, monitor electrical discharges because there is evidence these increase before an earthquake. They record minor tremors.

Question 30

How do we plan for earthquakes?

Answer 30

educate local residents - in Japan they conduct earthquake drills. Building design - Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco uses a triangular design which allowed it to swash some 30cm during the 1989 earthquake.

Question 31

how does water usage differ between LIC’s and HIC’s?

Answer 31

LIC’s use most of their water in agriculture (91%) HIC’s use much more water than LIC’s in industry (47%) and for domestic water use (14%).

Question 32

What the 3 main ways water is used in LIC’s and HIC’s?

Answer 32

Agriculture, Industry and Domestic use (in our homes)

Question 33

Why is water use in LIC’s less efficient than HIC’s?

Answer 33

irrigation channels are used in LIC’s compared to sprinkler systems used by HIC’s which it targeted and therefore more efficient.

Question 34

Water supply problems in HIC’s: explain what is meant by seasonal imbalance

Answer 34

during the summer months places like Spain experience little rainfall which may result in water shortages in those months. (UK hosepipe bans)

Question 35

What are some of the water supply problems facing LIC’S?

Answer 35

lack of available clean water - it is estimated 1 billion people in LIC’s lack access to safe water water-borne disease - approximately 2million people die each year from water-related diseases water pollution - caused by animals/human waste, pollutin from factory waste

Question 36

what scheme was used to help solve the water supply problems affecting the Sydney Olympics?

Answer 36

Water reclamation - using recycled water (not suitable for drinking but for other daily usage)

Question 37

What were the positive effects of the water reclamation scheme in Sydney?

Answer 37

-saved approximately 850million liters of drinking water each year by reducing water consumption - treats and re-uses almost 100% of sewage therefore reducing the sewage pumped into the ocean -developed public confidence in recycled water (flagship scheme) - provided water at a price of 15cents a liter lower than the price of drinking water