Human Geography Flashcards
What are the case studies for managing a population
Singapore and China
How did China try to reduce its population
One Child Policy
What did they do to enforce this?
Forced Abortions
Nanny Police
Fines
Incentives to have one baby such as free health care and nursery care for your first child
What are Singapore doing to increase their population?
Incentives such as larger apartments Tax breaks for your third child Cruises to encourage people to meet Free dating nights Free nursery care
Tertiary Industry
Provide a service. There is a wide range of service industries, including distribution, retailing, financial services and nursing.
Glasgow’s declining industry
Glasgow has been a renowned shipbuilding centre since 1812.
Automation and mechanisation increased productivity and reduced the number of workers required to work in shipbuilding.
The decline in shipbuilding also led to a decline in steel making (to make ships) and coal mining (to make steel) leading to mass unemployment.
Generations of workers were left on the dole during the 1980’s. Glasgow contained some of the most deprived areas in the UK.
It is now fast, efficient and cheap to transport (import/export) goods from new factories in LIC’s and NIC’s to the UK and other major markets.
Around the 1980’s governments in other parts of the world such as China and Brazil did much to attract traditional industries that were on the decline in the UK.
Impacts of the decline of Cornwall’s Tin Mining Industry
Loss of Jobs in rural areas Derelict industry left behind Large clean up operation Break up of rural communities as worker move to towns and cities Loss of government income
Causes of Chinas Growth
Political moves from communism to capitalism
Large amounts of natural resources (Particularly energy)
Large, Cheap and fairly skilled labour force
Few regulations to hinder industrial growth
Investment from foreign companies (TNC’S)
Growing demand for cheap manufactured goods
Case Study for companies who cater for the Grey Pound
Saga is now a multi-million pound business. It started as a retirement holiday business, offering cut price winter breaks to seaside towns, but now it has diversified to offer a range of different services including, holidays, cruises, car, home and pet insurance, all of which is only sold to people over 50.
DIY giant B&Q has recently started selling a range of products specifically designed for the over 50s in an attempt to attract the grey pound. The products include Sttanah stairlifts, remote controls for those who are partially sighted and easy grip garden equipment. It is the first time a major UK retailer has offered a wide range of products for older or infirm shoppers.
L’Oréal unveiled Jane Fonda, at age 70 as the new face of its television advertising in an attempt to gain a greater percentage of the grey pound being spent on its products.
Marks and Spencer have also tried to attract ‘grey’ shoppers to its stores by employing famous 1960s model Twiggy, who is now aged 60 to sell its clothes.
Why do people carry out short-term movements abroad?
Tourism
People often travel abroad for a few weeks for a holiday, however many people travel for several months at a time. Many people in the north or Europe such as the UK and Russia often abandon it for the winter months in favour of warmer climates in Spain, Greece or Turkey.
Sports
Many professional athletes will spend months away from home travelling as they compete. For example cricketers, footballers and formula one drivers will compete all over the world. Many footballers come to the UK in search of the glamorous lifestyle and high wages.
Why do people carry out short-term movements abroad?
Medical Treatment
People often travel abroad for surgery as it is cheaper in other countries for example cosmetic surgery or elective hip replacements. A hip replacement in the UK costs £8000 where as in Cyprus it is half the price at only £4100.
Jobs
Every year people come from other EU countries to work in the UK for a few months, often helping with jobs like fruit picking and in tourism industry. Many of the people come from Eastern European countries such as Poland or Romania.
Why do people go abroad for medical treatment?
PUSH Factors
High medical costs.
Long waiting lists.
PULL Factors
High quality care.
Short waiting lists
Cheap labour.
Impacts
Provides people with treatment cheaper and quicker.
It takes money away from UK hospitals
Short-term migration
When people move for more than one year but they wont be there long term.
E.g. footballers often sign five year contracts with foreign teams
Forced Migration
People have no choice in moving (refugees). This could be because of war, persecution or natural disasters. E.g. Sirria at the moment.
Impacts of migration on the country of origin (Poland)
Advantages:
Reduces pressure on jobs and unemployment.
Companies make money from organising transport to the UK.
Remittance payments.
Disadvantages:
Lots of young men migrate, creating a imbalance in the population.
Elderly people left behind causing rise in d.r and pension bills.
Loss of young and most able workers.
Shortage of workforce = economy decline.
Impacts of Migration on the host country (UK)
Advantages: Immigrants fill jobs that British people don’t want. Bring in new skills. Large cheap labour force. Creates cultural diversity.
Disadvantages:
Unemployment in the UK is high, migrants will increase the competition for jobs.
Increase demand for housing.
Racial tension
Services like schools and healthcare struggle with language barrier.
Money earned is sent to Poland.
Why has migration increased?
Transport
Improved transport means the world has effectively shrunk, making it quicker and easier to migrate.
Horse-drawn carriages = 10mph which means you can travel 20 miles in 2 hours.
Jet passenger aircraft = 500mph which means you can travel 1000 miles in 2 hours.
Why has migration increased?
Modern Communication
Modern communication such as the internet and skype allows people to research in a lot of detail the area they want to move to. In the past it was based on letters and peoples opinions now they can find the facts. This means that people feel more confident to make the leap and move.
Why do the retired often migrate?
It is no longer necessary to live near work.
To downsize to a smaller home as they no longer have children at home.
To sell their home for something cheaper and use the difference in price as a pension.
To move into a quieter, calmer and more attractive environment.
Case Study for retirement migration in the UK?
Christchurch UK pensioners capital. 30% of the residents are over 65% a higher percentage than any other UK city or town. By 2031 this figure is expected to be 40%.
Case study for retirement migration to a foreign country?
Many UK residents choose to migrate to Spain, often gathering in the ‘Costa’ regions along the coastline.
Why are some places more populated than other?
Climate
- People want a climate with plenty of rainfall to provide drinking water.
- Extremes of climate make harsh living environments and water hard to access.
Soil
- A soil rich in nutrients will provide good land for growing crops and grazing animals ensuring a reliable food supply, encouraging a larger population.
Proximity to coasts and rivers
- Rivers supply a good source of drinking water and can also supply food in the form of fish.
- The sea offers opportunities for trade with other areas or countries it also provides food.
History of settlements
- Older settlements such as London, Liverpool etc often have a well established infrastructure and economy which attracts business and workers to locate there.
Birth rate =
Number of births per 1000 of the population per year.
Population balance =
birth rate – death rate. (Can be positive Natural INCREASE or negative Natural DECREASE.
Death rate =
Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year.
Immigration =
people moving in to a country
Emigration =
people leaving a country
What causes a High Birth Rate?
Lack of access to contraception
Need for children in farming
Religious / Cultural beliefs
Youthful marriage
What causes a Low Birth Rate?
Position of women
Need for dual incomes
Children are expensive (ipods etc.)
Later marriage age
What causes a youthful population in Mexico?
Causes
It is a strongly Catholic country therefore contraception is not widely used so a high birth rate occurs.
Mexico is developing so health care and water sanitation is improving meaning less infant mortality.
It already has a large youthful population (average age 26) so has huge potential to keep growing.
What are the impacts of a youthful population in Mexico?
Effects
An increase in school places is required.
High youth unemployment as Mexico struggles to provide enough jobs.
High outwards migration to the USA in search for work.
A rapidly growing economy as the manufacturing industry catches up with the growing population and therefore workforce.
Abortion has been legalised to try and reduce the number of abandoned children (against its strong Catholic beliefs).
What factors determine where people live?
Physical Factors
Relief – shape and height of the land. (flat land = higher population)
Resources (more resources = higher population)
Climate (temperate climate, high rainfall)
Human Factors
Political - stable governments have higher populations
Social – People often want to live together – so large population attract more people.
Economic – Good job opportunities will lead to larger populations
Where do people live in China?
More people on low flat land near the coast to the east and areas with high rainfall.
Few people on high land to the west with low rainfall.
Where do people live in the UK and why?
Industrial revolution was focused in the Midlands, required a large amount of workers and led to growth of major cities such as Birmingham and Liverpool that still have many jobs today.
London and SE focus for government and have large economies which creates lots of jobs attracting workers.
Highlands of Scotland have poor infrastructure and lack of work which leads to a low population.
What is Southampton’s Population like?
Population is increasing.
Gender split relatively equal – 49.6% female, 50.4% male.
Young Population – High number of 18-24, 7% more than the English average.
Low number aged 30-59, 3-4% lower than English average.
Ethnicity – 88.7% are British, 11.3% are Other.
0.1% more residents born in the UK than national average.
Religion - Lower than average rates of religion beliefs – 21.6% have No Religion compared with 14.6% for UK average.
Employment - largest source of employment is wholesale and retail.
What are the 3 settlement shapes?
Linear
Nucleated
Dispersed
What re the main settlement functions?
Market Centre Administrative Tourist Centre Strategic Industrial Residential Agricultural
What was Lymington like in the 17th + 18th Century
Main Function – Manufacturing centre
The 5 mile coastline stretch close to the settlement was used to manufacture salt.
What is the case study for Rural depopulation?
The Western Isles
Declined by 19,000 over the last 100 years.
This is due to: a harsh climate (cold + wet); a remoteness from civilisation; difficulties in transport; limited job availability; and the ambitions of a new generation.
What is the case study for Counter Urbanisation?
Appledore
Wealthy people; families and people reaching retirement age are moving out of urban areas.
They are moving to experience more space, healthier lifestyle, safer place to bring up kids, peaceful places to retire.
Happening across the south coast (better climate, lower population, close to sea etc)
Why is there a changing Land Use in Urban Areas?
Increase in population, for example between 2001 and 2011, it increased from 58.8 to 62.6 million.
More people are living alone (through choice, divorce, death of a partner) and more people are living longer.
Increased personal wealth has meant more people want to own their own home. 2nd home ownership.
What are the costs of a higher demand for housing in Dorchester?
COSTS
House prices are high in gated suburbs.
Gated communities create a social divide.
Urban sprawl can damage greenfield sites. This happened extensively around London (1918-1939).
Brownfield sites are expensive for developers due to the necessary clear up.
BENEFITS
Gated communities are ideal for families as it gives them a safe place to play in a busy urban area.
Greenfield sites allow for large houses with good transport connections to the urban areas.
Redevelopment of an industrial area is good for the environment.
Case Study for urban redevelopment?
Newham- London
Advantages and disadvantages of Brownfield Sites
Brownfield Advantages
Reduce the loss of countryside land that might be put into agricultural use.
Helps to revive old and disused urban areas.
Services such as water, electricity, gas and sewerage are already in place.
Located nearer to main areas of employment, so commuting is reduced.
Brownfield Disadvantages
Often more expensive because old buildings have to be cleared and land made free of pollution.
Often surrounded by rundown areas so does not appeal to more wealthy people as residential locations.
Higher levels of pollution; less healthy.
May not have good access in terms of modern roads and more traffic.
More shops and schools may also need to be built, for the people who move there
Advantages and disadvantages of Greenfield Sites
Greenfield Advantages
Relatively cheap and rates of house building faster.
The layout is not hampered by previous development so can easily be made efficient and pleasant.
Healthier environment.
Greenfield Disadvantages
Valuable farm or recreational land lost.
Attractive scenery lost.
Wildlife and their habitats lost or disturbed.
Development causes noise and light pollution in the surrounding countryside.
Encourages urban sprawl.
LIC Urban Growth in Dhaka push Factors?
Lack of jobs (not helped by increased mechanisation)
Education is poor
Harsh and monotonous lifestyle (yearly floods from the jamuna river + make shift homes)
Little investment from the government + companies
No forms of entertainment
LIC Urban Growth in Dhaka pull Factors?
A decent home (utilities such as piped water and electricity)
Job opportunities (informal economy such as Rickshaw driving)
Higher wages (long hours, but improvement)
Exciting urban life
Better education for his children
What is the other reason for LIC urban growth in Dhaka?
Natural Increase (Stage 2 of demographic transition model)
The effects of LIC Urban Growth?
BOSTIS
Illegal slums that easily flood.
Unhealthy, densely populated and a last resort for many.
POLLUTION + DISEASE
Due to no rubbish collection + poor sanitation + heavy traffic.
Many suffer from diarrhoea, malaria and dengue fever.
EMPLOYMENT
Rising population faster than job creation levels.
Informal economy such as rubbish collection, shoe shining, prostitution etc now only option.
POLLUTION + DISEASE
Due to no rubbish collection + poor sanitation + heavy traffic.
Many suffer from diarrhoea, malaria and dengue fever.
REMITTANCE PAYMENTS
A positive impact whereby money is sent back to the family in rural areas thus raising standards.
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
There are 400,000 pedal driven rickshaws in Dhaka alone.
This creates a massive volume of traffic on poor roads.
PRESSURE ON RESOURCES
Reduced pressure on food, water and land.
This ensures there is enough to go around for the lower population.
