Human Geography Flashcards
What are the case studies for managing a population
Singapore and China
How did China try to reduce its population
One Child Policy
What did they do to enforce this?
Forced Abortions
Nanny Police
Fines
Incentives to have one baby such as free health care and nursery care for your first child
What are Singapore doing to increase their population?
Incentives such as larger apartments Tax breaks for your third child Cruises to encourage people to meet Free dating nights Free nursery care
Tertiary Industry
Provide a service. There is a wide range of service industries, including distribution, retailing, financial services and nursing.
Glasgow’s declining industry
Glasgow has been a renowned shipbuilding centre since 1812.
Automation and mechanisation increased productivity and reduced the number of workers required to work in shipbuilding.
The decline in shipbuilding also led to a decline in steel making (to make ships) and coal mining (to make steel) leading to mass unemployment.
Generations of workers were left on the dole during the 1980’s. Glasgow contained some of the most deprived areas in the UK.
It is now fast, efficient and cheap to transport (import/export) goods from new factories in LIC’s and NIC’s to the UK and other major markets.
Around the 1980’s governments in other parts of the world such as China and Brazil did much to attract traditional industries that were on the decline in the UK.
Impacts of the decline of Cornwall’s Tin Mining Industry
Loss of Jobs in rural areas Derelict industry left behind Large clean up operation Break up of rural communities as worker move to towns and cities Loss of government income
Causes of Chinas Growth
Political moves from communism to capitalism
Large amounts of natural resources (Particularly energy)
Large, Cheap and fairly skilled labour force
Few regulations to hinder industrial growth
Investment from foreign companies (TNC’S)
Growing demand for cheap manufactured goods
Case Study for companies who cater for the Grey Pound
Saga is now a multi-million pound business. It started as a retirement holiday business, offering cut price winter breaks to seaside towns, but now it has diversified to offer a range of different services including, holidays, cruises, car, home and pet insurance, all of which is only sold to people over 50.
DIY giant B&Q has recently started selling a range of products specifically designed for the over 50s in an attempt to attract the grey pound. The products include Sttanah stairlifts, remote controls for those who are partially sighted and easy grip garden equipment. It is the first time a major UK retailer has offered a wide range of products for older or infirm shoppers.
L’Oréal unveiled Jane Fonda, at age 70 as the new face of its television advertising in an attempt to gain a greater percentage of the grey pound being spent on its products.
Marks and Spencer have also tried to attract ‘grey’ shoppers to its stores by employing famous 1960s model Twiggy, who is now aged 60 to sell its clothes.
Why do people carry out short-term movements abroad?
Tourism
People often travel abroad for a few weeks for a holiday, however many people travel for several months at a time. Many people in the north or Europe such as the UK and Russia often abandon it for the winter months in favour of warmer climates in Spain, Greece or Turkey.
Sports
Many professional athletes will spend months away from home travelling as they compete. For example cricketers, footballers and formula one drivers will compete all over the world. Many footballers come to the UK in search of the glamorous lifestyle and high wages.
Why do people carry out short-term movements abroad?
Medical Treatment
People often travel abroad for surgery as it is cheaper in other countries for example cosmetic surgery or elective hip replacements. A hip replacement in the UK costs £8000 where as in Cyprus it is half the price at only £4100.
Jobs
Every year people come from other EU countries to work in the UK for a few months, often helping with jobs like fruit picking and in tourism industry. Many of the people come from Eastern European countries such as Poland or Romania.
Why do people go abroad for medical treatment?
PUSH Factors
High medical costs.
Long waiting lists.
PULL Factors
High quality care.
Short waiting lists
Cheap labour.
Impacts
Provides people with treatment cheaper and quicker.
It takes money away from UK hospitals
Short-term migration
When people move for more than one year but they wont be there long term.
E.g. footballers often sign five year contracts with foreign teams
Forced Migration
People have no choice in moving (refugees). This could be because of war, persecution or natural disasters. E.g. Sirria at the moment.
Impacts of migration on the country of origin (Poland)
Advantages:
Reduces pressure on jobs and unemployment.
Companies make money from organising transport to the UK.
Remittance payments.
Disadvantages:
Lots of young men migrate, creating a imbalance in the population.
Elderly people left behind causing rise in d.r and pension bills.
Loss of young and most able workers.
Shortage of workforce = economy decline.
Impacts of Migration on the host country (UK)
Advantages: Immigrants fill jobs that British people don’t want. Bring in new skills. Large cheap labour force. Creates cultural diversity.
Disadvantages:
Unemployment in the UK is high, migrants will increase the competition for jobs.
Increase demand for housing.
Racial tension
Services like schools and healthcare struggle with language barrier.
Money earned is sent to Poland.
Why has migration increased?
Transport
Improved transport means the world has effectively shrunk, making it quicker and easier to migrate.
Horse-drawn carriages = 10mph which means you can travel 20 miles in 2 hours.
Jet passenger aircraft = 500mph which means you can travel 1000 miles in 2 hours.
Why has migration increased?
Modern Communication
Modern communication such as the internet and skype allows people to research in a lot of detail the area they want to move to. In the past it was based on letters and peoples opinions now they can find the facts. This means that people feel more confident to make the leap and move.
Why do the retired often migrate?
It is no longer necessary to live near work.
To downsize to a smaller home as they no longer have children at home.
To sell their home for something cheaper and use the difference in price as a pension.
To move into a quieter, calmer and more attractive environment.