physchology

Question 1

*Freud: 3 parts of the personality: structure of the mind.

Answer 1

Id - devil (pleasure)
Ego - normal (reality)
Supergo - moral (angel)

structure of mind
conscious - imidate awerness
preconscious - memories
Unconscious- information that we are always aware of: our conscious mind performs the thinking when we take in new information

Question 2

Pavlov: Classical Conditioning **

Answer 2

Pavlovs dog experiment
neutral stimulus – conditioned stimulus
when given food = the dogs salivate (unconditioned stimulus)
paired bell (neutral stimulus)
bell + food = salivate (conditioned stimulus which = conditioned response)

Question 3

Skinner: Operant conditioning
punishment
reinforcement
extinction **

Answer 3

Operant conditioning type of conditioning (learning) with an award/punishment system

skinner box experiment conditioned chamber with a rat the pushes lever to get food.

Punishment -
positive - adding consequence or stimulus to decrease changes of behaviour happening again. (ex. tantrum = scolding)

negative - (response cost) removing desirable stimulus to decrease behaviour (ex. losing tablet privileges with not sharing)

Reinforcement
a process that strengthens or increases a behaviour. Can be positive or negative. (ex. good grades = ice cream = better marks )

Extinction: Gradual weakening and eventual disappearance to a learned behaviour when no longer reinforced.

Question 4

Malsows Hierarchy **

Answer 4

theory of motivation (doesnt always fit_
psychological needs
safety needs
love and belonging
esteem needs
self- actualization

Question 5

Feminist Psychology

Answer 5

shows psychology through women’s perspective. Karen Horney - womb envy

Question 6

Frankl: Logotherapy

Answer 6

form of psychotherapy that helps patients find the aim and meaning in their life without accessing the medical aspects of mental health. (MEANING)

Question 7

Bandura: Bobo Doll Experiment

Answer 7

social cognitive theory- understanding predicting and changing human behaviour/ Learning takes place by observing imitation and modelling. motivated by self and not treats (bashing Skinner)

Bobo doll - modelling of aggression, modelling aggressive behaviour increases aggressive behaviour.

Question 8

Piaget: Four stages of cognitive development

Answer 8

Sensorimotor (Birth to 18-24 months) GOAL - Object permanence

Preoperational (2 to 7 years old)
GOAL - Symbolic thought

Concrete operational (Ages 7 to 11 years) GOAL - Logical thought

Formal operational (Adolescence to adulthood)
GOAL - Scientific reasoning

Question 9

Harlows primate experiment findings

Answer 9

found that infants monkeys formed a stronger attachment to cloth “mother” compared to the wire: mother “ that gave food. Highlighting the significance of emotional comfort and touch = allows money to have better social bonds in future. Monkeys in isolation find this difficult.

Question 10

Ainsworth attachment styles

Answer 10

Secure - infant feels comfort exploring environment they feel proximity to the caregiver when anxious or scared
— caregiver = comfort + support
— results = healthy sense of security and positive relationships

Insecure avoidant attachment
infants tend to ignore or avoid their caregiver, and show little distress when separated from their caregiver. may avoid or resist the return of contact f
— caregiver = consistently unresponsive caregiver
—- results = difficulties forming close relationships and expressing emotions.

Insecure amboivalet resistant
display clingy and dependent on the caregiver
—- caregiver = inconsistent experience with the caregiver
— Results = difficulty regulating emotions and show anxiety