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Dispensing II Lab - K > Physcal incompatibilities > Flashcards

Physcal incompatibilities Flashcards

1
Q

Inability of a substance to maintain its identity
or to exercise its inherent properties when
brought into contact with or into the sphere
of influence of another substance or a
physical force

A

INCOMPATIBILITIES

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2
Q

Two classes of incompatibility (from viewpoint of compounder):

A

(1) Desirable
(2) Undesirable

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3
Q

Problems arise during:

A
  • compounding (extemporaneous)
  • dispensing
  • administration of pharmaceuticals (oral and
    parenteral route)
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4
Q

Problems develop as a result of:

A
  • using two or more drugs
  • use of only one drug such as dosage errors
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5
Q

Three classes (based on cause and
manifestations):

A

(1) Physical incompatibilities
(2) Chemical incompatibilities
(3) Therapeutic incompatibilities
(4) Combination of Types

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6
Q

physical or chemical interaction
between 2 or more ingredients that
lead to a visibly recognizable change

A

Physical incompatibilities

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7
Q

involves a reaction in which change is
not visible

A

Chemical incompatibilities

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8
Q

involves an undesirable
interaction between 2 or
more ingredients.

A

Therapeutic incompatibilities

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9
Q

The ff. is essential from a theoretical as well as practical
viewpoint:

A

Solubility (correct diluent eg. For parenteral route NSS)
* Chemical reactivity
* Drug stability (stability based on manufacturer’s testing)
* Therapeutic activity

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10
Q

Consequences of Incompatibility to patient

A
  • may not receive the full therapeutic effect of the medication
  • adverse effect due to the formation of toxic
    products
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11
Q

the assurance that the product
retains its original physical properties, including
appearance, palatability, uniformity, dissolution and
suspendability, during its shelf-life.

A

Physical stability

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12
Q

When two or more substances are combined, they do
not give a homogenous product

A

Incomplete solution

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13
Q

danger of forming a clear solution (at high temp.) but
will deposit crystals on cooling.

A

Use of heat

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14
Q

usually objectionable (except to make slowly soluble
substances dissolve more rapidly).

A

Use of heat

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15
Q

Remedy for incomplete solution (use of heat and wrong solvent):

for ___________ material, if not beneficial or objectionable, remove it by __________

A

for undissolved material, if not beneficial or objectionable, remove it by filtration

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16
Q

Remedy for incomplete solution (use of heat and wrong solvent):

For doubtful cases: physician should be __________ & an
_____________ should be secured before radical steps are taken.

A

advised; approval

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17
Q

contain water of hydration that may be
released when powders are triturated or stored
in a low humidity environment which may
cause powders to become damp or pasty, or
become powdery

A

Efflorescent powders

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18
Q

Efflorescent powders examples

A

alums
ferrous sulfate
terpin hydrate

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19
Q

Efflorescent powders
Remedies:

≈ Store & dispense in ___________
containers.
≈ Use ____________ form
with appropriate dose
correction.

A

≈ Store & dispense in tight
containers.
≈ Use anhydrous drug form
with appropriate dose
correction.

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20
Q

solids that absorb moisture from the air, which
may or may not dissolve to form a solution

A

Hygroscopic & Deliquescent powders

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21
Q

Hygroscopic & Deliquescent powders example

A

calcium chloride
ephedrine sulfate
phenobarbital Na

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22
Q

Hygroscopic & Deliquescent powders
Remedies:

≈Store and dispense in __________ containers.
≈Add an _________, powdered ingredient that will
preferentially absorb water, like ________ or
___________________

A

≈Store and dispense in tight containers.
≈Add an inert, powdered ingredient that will
preferentially absorb water, like lactose or
light magnesium oxide

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23
Q

refer to 2 or more substances that may liquefy
when intimately mixed at room temperature

A

Pharmaceutical eutectic mixtures of drugs

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24
Q

Pharmaceutical eutectic mixtures of drugs example

A

acetaminophen
aspirin
camphor
menthol

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25
Q

Desirable Eutexia:
__________(High/Low) concentration of lidocaine and
prilocaine in EMLA Cream is achieved
by forming a _________(solid/liquid) eutectic mixture of
the components.

A

High; liquid

26
Q

Desirable Eutexia:
Used to facilitate reduction in particle
size of crystal without need for
__________________.

A

pulverizaton by intervention

27
Q

Pharmaceutical eutectic mixtures of drugs
Remedies:
Force the liquid eutectic to form, then sorb the liquid onto an ________, _____________, _________solid.

A

inert; high-melting; finely-divided

28
Q

Pharmaceutical eutectic mixtures of drugs
Remedies:
_________ potential eutectic former separately with an inert powder like ___________, then mix by gentle spatulation.

A

Triturate; MgO

29
Q

Pharmaceutical eutectic mixtures of drugs
Remedies:
Triturate until _____________ then encapsulate & place in tightly __________ containers.

A

homogeneous; stoppered

30
Q

Pharmaceutical eutectic mixtures of drugs
Remedies:
Divided the ___________ between the reacting ingredients. These are combined with _____________ & the remainder of
the ingredients are then incorporated.

A

diluent; gentle trituration

31
Q

is readily overheated and solidifies
as one of the lower melting polymorphs, which
may melt at room temp

A

Cocoa butter

32
Q

T/F: Changes in crystal form need specific remedy depends on what caused the
change in crystal form

A

True

33
Q

Remedy for Cocoa butter

A

melt cocoa butter slow and carefully,
at temperatures below 340C

34
Q
  • precipitated from alcoholic
    solutions when water is added
A

Resins

35
Q

frequently
precipitated from aqueous solution when
alcohol is added.

A

Mucilaginous and albuminous substances
& some metallic salts

36
Q

Precipitation from solution (Solvent Effects) Remedies:
≈ Choose appropriate _________ system.
≈ Follow _______________ when diluting
preparations using cosolvent system.
≈ ____________ the drug concentration so the drug is
soluble in the solvent system.
≈ For oral or topical products, a suspension may
be prepared by adding a ___________.
Include “shake well” label.

A

solvent; manufacturer’s instruction; Decrease; suspending agent

37
Q

Most drugs are _________ electrolytes and their
degree of ionization depends on the _______ of the
solution

A

weak; pH

38
Q

Precipitation from solution (pH effects) what to consider:

Check ___________ of all drugs in the solvents
to be used

Determine the _________of the drug, whether salt
of a neutral weak acid or a neutral weak base.

Estimate the resultant ________ of the solution

Calculate the pH of the ___________ as a
function of the pKa and _________.

Control the pH at a desirable level using pH
adjusting agents or ________

Keep drug solutions with incompatible pH’s
separate.

A

solubilities; salt type; pH; precipitation; drug solubility; buffers

39
Q

pH Insolubles

A

→ codeine and morphine
→ ephedrine and ephedrine HCl
→ phenobarbital Na and
phenobarbital

40
Q

T/F: For IM injections that are pH incompatible, draw solutions in
separate syringes and give in different sites.

A

True

41
Q

T/F: For IV injections that are pH incompatible, give at different times and flush the IV line between additions of incompatible drug
solutions.

A

True

42
Q

Precipitation from solution
(b) pH effects:

With oral or topical solutions, a ___________
may be used if a suitable one that is
available will keep the free form of the drug
in solution. Or check possibility of making a
suspension.

A

cosolvent

43
Q

Precipitation from solution
(b) pH effects
Remedies:

≈ ___________ the final solution so that drug
concentration is ___________ the precipitation
concentration of the neutral free form.
≈ For injectable drugs, like _________ Inj. and
____________ Inj., that are sensitive to pH
changes caused by absorption of CO2, use _______
expiration times.

A

Dilute; below; Phenytoin Na; Aminophylline; short

44
Q

Solutions of hydrophilic polymers such as
methylcellulose and acacia depend on
hydration through _____________ . These polymers may be
dehydrated and precipitated by
concentrated _______________

A

hydrogen-bonding and iondipole interactions; electrolyte solutions or phenolic
compounds.

45
Q

Precipitation from solution
(c) Colloids and polymers
Remedies:
≈ ___________ concentration of electrolyte.
≈ Substitute with __________ that is not
easily ________

A

Decrease; polymer gum; dehydrated

46
Q

T/F: For some viscosity-increasing polymers,
interactions are required to form the desired gel.

A

true

47
Q

Sodium alginate is gelled with

A

calcium ions

48
Q

Carbomer is gelled by addition of an

A

inorganic
(e.g.NaOH) or organic (e.g. Triethanolamine)
base.

49
Q

Solubility of most drugs ___________ with decrease
in the temperature of the solution

A

decreases

50
Q

Effect of temperature Remedy:
For injectable solutions, check _________
concerning temperature effects. If an
extemporaneously prepared sterile product
cannot be refrigerated, the ___________
should be adjusted.

A

warnings; beyond-use date

51
Q

Effect of temperature
Remedies:
For oral or topical solutions, be aware of possible
problems when handling solutions near the
__________ point. If such a solution must be stored
or used at temperatures different from that at
which it was made, steps to prevent or handle
precipitation should be undertaken.

A

saturation

52
Q

“salted out” of aromatic
waters when salts or metals are dissolved in the liquid.

A

Camphor & volatile oils

53
Q

is precipitated from a solution when
tragacanth is dissolved in the liquid

A

Boric acid

54
Q

show precipitation on the addition
of electrolytes

A

Colloidal solutions

55
Q

T/F: Ethyl nitrite spirit with a substantial proportion of potassium citrate - separates & floats as a layer.

A

True

56
Q

dependent on the hydrophilic/ lipophilic
nature of the drug and the binding site or the material
in the capillary space of the interface.

A

Sorption

57
Q

Drugs that are poorly water-soluble or lipophilic have
a _________ (lower/greater) tendency to sorb to PVC or dissolve in its
plasticizer.

A

greater

58
Q

Example of drugs that is affceted by sorption and leaching

A

lorazepam, amiodarone, diazepam,
isosorbide dinitrate, vitamin A

59
Q

Remedies for sorption:
≈ Special tubing or containers may be used.
≈ Use __________ run-times for IVs containing drugs with
potential sorption problems.
≈ Add the drug just before the time of administration.
≈ Consider giving the drug by __________, if possible

A

shorter; IV push

60
Q

Remedies for sorption:
≈ Use ________ administration-set
tubing (with less binding sites).
≈ Store product in the
____________ until
administration.

A

short; refrigerator

61
Q

Drug solutions containing ____________are
more at risk, because some of these have been found
to extract plasticizer from the plastic and
contaminate the drug solution.

A

surfactants or cosolvents

62
Q

Remedies for leaching:
Containers, administration sets
and device components that
do not contain _____________
materials, like glass, polyolefin,
ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone,
polyethylene and
polyurethane, can be used.

A

DEHP-plasticized

Dispensing II Lab - K (2 decks)

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