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Dispensing II Lab - K > Chemical Incompatibilities > Flashcards

Chemical Incompatibilities Flashcards

1
Q

Occur as a result of chemical interaction among the
ingredients of a prescription

A

CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITIES

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2
Q

T/F: In Chemical incompatibility, the original composition is altered

A

True

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3
Q

COMPOUNDS CONSIDERED SOLUBLE

A

acetates
nitrates
Sulfates, except Ba; Sr; Pb; and Ag
All sodium salts
Potassium salts except barbiturates
Chlorides except silver and mercurous

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4
Q

Sulfates that are insoluble

A

Ba; Sr; Pb; and Ag

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5
Q

K salts that are insoluble

A

barbiturates

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6
Q

Chlorides that are insoluble

A

silver and mercurous

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7
Q

Occurs instantaneously upon compounding

A

IMMEDIATE INCOMPATIBILITY

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8
Q

Immediate incompatibility is readily apparent due to:

A

○ Effervescence
○ Precipitation
○ Color changes

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9
Q

React on such a slow rate

A

DELAYED INCOMPATIBILITY

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10
Q

Occur without appreciable visible change/immediate
physical evidence of change

A

DELAYED INCOMPATIBILITY

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11
Q

T/F: Delayed incompatibility may or may not have a physical evidence

A

True

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12
Q

T/F: Delayed incompatibility may or may not result in loss of therapeutic activity

A

True

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13
Q

If Rx dispensed is used up before, about _______% of the therapeutic activity is los

A

10%

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14
Q

REMEDIES FOR DELAYED INCOMPATIBILITY

A

Use of “Store in a Refrigerator” label
Use of “Shake well” label when applicable to promote
uniform dosage

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15
Q

This remedy help decrease the rate of loss of activity

A

Use of “Store in a Refrigerator” label

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16
Q

This remedy slows down hydrolysis, redox, or other chemical
reactions (occur more rapidly at room temperature)

A

Use of “Store in a Refrigerator” label

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17
Q

Ingredients with chemically similar active groups are
usually ___________

A

compatible

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18
Q

T/F: For polar molecules, if they have the same
functional group, then they are probably
compatible with each othe

A

True (Conservative generalization)

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19
Q

Reactions manifest through:
1. Formation of precipitate
2. Evolution of gas
3. Addition or elimination of water
4. Absorption or evolution of heat
5. Formation of complexes or chelates

A

Drugs react like other organic & inorganic compounds

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20
Q

Drugs react like other organic & inorganic compounds, manifestations:
1. Formation of ___________
2. Evolution of _______
3. Addition or elimination of ________
4. Absorption or evolution of ________
5. Formation of __________

A
  1. precipitate
  2. gas
  3. water
  4. heat
  5. complexes or chelates
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21
Q

These reactions usually cause loss of active drug
content and do not provide obvious visual or olfactory
evidence of their occurrence:

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Hydrolysis
  3. Epimerization
  4. Decarboxylation
  5. Dehydration
  6. Photochemical decomposition
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22
Q

chemical reactions are enhanced by the following
factors:

A
  1. Adverse temperatures
  2. Light
  3. Humidity
  4. Oxygen
  5. Carbon dioxid
  6. Over dilution
  7. Excessive storage
  8. Incorrect pH adjustment
  9. Presence of catalysts
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23
Q

Drugs susceptible to oxidation:

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine)
Phenolics (phenylephrine, morphine)
Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine)
Olefins
Steroids
Tricyclics
Thiols (captopril)
Miscellaneous
Oils, fats phenolic substances, aldehydes, vitaminsundergo auto-oxidation

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24
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
Protect from oxygen by using _________ containers and
limiting storage time through _______________ by limiting it.

A

tight; conservative
beyond-use-date (BUDs)

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25
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
Protect from light by using ______________
and syringes, and wrap containers with light-resistant
wrappings because light __________ oxidation

A

light-resistant containers; hastens

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26
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION
Add a _______________ like edetate disodium
(EDTA).

A

metal-chelating agent

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27
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
Add an __________

A

antioxidant

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28
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
Control ______ and _______

A

storage temperature and pH

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29
Q

Oxidation is favored by __________

A

alkaline pH

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30
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
_________ drugs that are easily oxidized with those that are readily reduced.

A

Separate

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31
Q

T/F: Folic acid is incompatible with oxidizing
agents, reducing agents, and metal ions

A

True

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32
Q

______________ (Vitamin B12) has limited
compatibility with ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
(about 24 hours), thiamine (Vitamin B1) and
niacinamide (Vitamin B3)

A

Cyanocobalamin

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33
Q

Problem with water exposure

A

Hydrolytic

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34
Q

Many substances hydrolyze in water & the change may be
hastened by ________, catalyst, _______, _______, certain metals
___________, etc

A

heat; esters; amides; (Zn, Fe)

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35
Q

Drugs susceptible to hydrolysis:

A
  1. Esters, (procaine, tetracaine, aspirin, compounds
    with lactone rings)
  2. Amides (penicillins)
  3. Imides (barbiturates)
  4. Thiolesters
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36
Q

Ionic Hydrolysis:
ionized species + H+ or OH - of H2O → _______ products

A

unionized insoluble

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37
Q

Special type of acid-base reaction (change of pH)

A

IONIC HYDROLYSIS

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38
Q

Ionic hydrolysis is manifested as precipitate of _______ or _________

A

basic salts or hydrolysis

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39
Q

Example of Ionic Hydrolysis

A

ZnCl2 + H2O → ZnOHCl (Tribasic zinc chloride / Zinc chloride
hydroxide monohydrate (precipitate) + H
+

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40
Q

T/F: Molecular Hydrolysis is slower rate than ionic

A

True

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41
Q

T/F: Molecular Hydrolysis has reduced therapeutic activity

A

True

42
Q

REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES:
For solids, control exposure to moisture by using ________ containers and ________

A

tight; desiccants

43
Q

REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES:
Control the ________ of aqueous formulations

A

pH

44
Q

REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES:
Check the effect of general _________ or _______ and drug
concentration

A

acids or bases

45
Q

REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES:
Control _______ temperature

A

storage

46
Q

Rate of hydrolysis is accelerated at __________
temperatures

A

elevated

47
Q

Representative drugs of Evolution of Gas

A

Sodium bicarbonate and Carbonate buffers
Ortho- and para-substituted benzoic acids, like
p-aminosalicylic acid

48
Q

usually effervesce with the presence of acids

A

Sodium bicarbonate and Carbonate buffers

49
Q

caused by the liberation of CO2 from the:
○ Reaction of carbonates and acids in aqueous media
○ Decomposition of syrups of para-aminosalicylic acid

A

Effervescence

50
Q

REMEDIES FOR EVOLUTION OF GAS:
Do not combine drug products that generate _________
with sodium bicarbonate or drug products that contain
carbonate buffers.

A

acid pH

51
Q

REMEDIES FOR EVOLUTION OF GAS:
For vulnerable solid dosage forms, store and dispense
in _________ containers.

A

tight

52
Q

Cisplatin is the best known example of ________

A

Displacement

53
Q

One of the chloride ligands in the cisplatin molecule is
slowly displaced by water (an aqua ligand), in a
process termed ____________

A

aquation

54
Q

The_____________ in the resulting molecule is then
displaced, allowing cisplatin to coordinate to a
basic site in DNA

A

aqua ligand

55
Q

Then the __________ crosslinks two bases via
displacement of the other chloride ligand

A

platinum

56
Q

When cisplatin is __________, the solution must have a
sodium chloride concentration of at least_________ to
maintain the chloride ions on the cisplatin
molecule

A

diluted; 0.2%

57
Q

Aluminum displaces the platinum when _________
needles are used

A

aluminum

58
Q

COMPLEXATION representative drugs

A

Tetracycline by multivalent ions like calcium,
magnesium, iron, and aluminum
Aminophylline

59
Q

is a complex with 2:1 ratio of
theophylline and ethylenediamine

A

Aminophylline

60
Q

T/F: Theophylline may precipitate out of solution

A

True

61
Q

REMEDY FOR (1/Theophylline) COMPLEXATION

A

Keep drug from offending ions.

62
Q

REMEDIES FOR (2/Aminophylline) COMPLEXATION:
Addition of excess ____________ to keep
theophylline in the complex.

A

ethylenediamine

63
Q

REMEDIES FOR (2/Aminophylline) COMPLEXATION:
Maintain pH of ________ to ________ using ethylenediamine.

A

8.6 to 9

64
Q

A mixture of equal parts of enantiomers is called a

A

racemate

65
Q

he conversion of one enantiomer to a
racemate is known as

A

racemization

66
Q

mirror images (Dextro and Levo)

A

Enantiomers

67
Q

Examples of drugs that undergo racemization

A
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Mepivacaine and Bupivacaine
  3. Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine
  4. Albuterol and Levalbuterol
  5. Omeprazole and Esomeprazole
68
Q

have identical chemical properties except
toward opticallyactive reagents, enzymes, biological
receptors and membranes

A

Enantiomers

69
Q

has approximately 15 to 20 times the
physiologic activity as the d-enantiomer

A

l-enantiomer

70
Q

Conversion of an optically active form to an optically
inactive form without changing chemical constitution
produces _____________ pharmacological activity

A

reduced

71
Q

Problems exist only when one enantiomer is __________
physiologically active than the other one and when
racemization takes place easily

A

much more

72
Q

Optical isomers that are not superimposable and are not
mirror images are called

A

diastereomers

73
Q

Pair of diastereomers that differ only in the
configuration about one carbon atom are called

A

epimers

74
Q

T/F: epimers have different physical properties: melting
points, boiling points, solubilities and densities

A

True

75
Q

T/F: Epimers have the same functional groups and show
similar chemical properties, but exhibit different rates
of reaction

A

True

76
Q

example of a drug that may epimerize
with loss of therapeutic activity.

A

Pilocarpine

77
Q

Epimerization of __________ occurs only in solution

A

tetracycline

78
Q

REMEDIES FOR EPIMERIZATION:
Formulation of _________
Control of _________

A

Formulation of suspension
Control of pH with buffers.

79
Q

REMEDIES FOR Precipitation of large cation/large anion compounds

A

Keep solutions separate.
Administer at different sites or different times

80
Q

Organic salts with a special or unusual counter ion, such as
________, _______, ________ should be added with caution
to another salt

A

mesylate, lactate, succinate

81
Q

When a drug manufacturer uses a special salt form, one
reason is that the hydrochloride, sulfate or other more
common salts is ____________

A

less soluble

82
Q

Precipitation of alkaloids caused by________, ______. ___________, _______

A

citrate salts, tannins,
iodide and picric acid

83
Q

REMEDY FOR Alkaloidal precipitants

A

Addition of alcohol or glycerin to prevent precipitation.

84
Q

T/F: Reduction is less common in prescriptions

A

True

85
Q

may be reduced by light to
the metallic form

A

Silver, mercury, and gold salts

86
Q

Alterations in color

A

Color changes

87
Q

EXPLOSIVE COMBINATIONS example

A

Oxidizing Agents + Reducing Agents

88
Q

Glycerin + Sulfuric Acid + Nitric Acid →
Nitroglycerin

A

EXPLOSIVE COMBINATIONS

89
Q

All or part of the ingredients of a prescription may set a
mass of cementlike hardness

A

CEMENTATION

90
Q

Occurs when compounds from hydrates (ex. Plaster of
paris) polymerize, or convert to new crystal forms

A

CEMENTATION

91
Q

Solutions form a gel when combined with certain
substances. rarely encountered.

A

GELATINIZATION

92
Q

Acacia solutions are gelatinized by _______ salt since
acacia possesses _________ groups which may be
cross-lined by _________ ferric ions to form polymer
chains

A

ferric; carboxyl; trivalent

93
Q

Evolution of heat; Decomposed
when temperature is raised.

A

Exothermic Reaction

94
Q

More stable at higher
temperatures.

A

Endothermic Reaction

95
Q

Compounds that are formed with evolution of heat tend to
decompose when the temperature is __________

A

raised

96
Q

Compounds that require heat for their formation are more
stable at __________ temperature

A

higher

97
Q

Chemical changes occur without visible evidence of the
reaction

A

INVISIBLE CHANGES

98
Q

Chemical reaction between two substances produces
products which are more toxic than the original substances

A

DEVELOPMENT OF POISONOUS SUBSTANCE

99
Q

○ KI + Hg2Cl2 (calomel) in the presence of moisture →

A

Hg
+2
(toxic)

100
Q

Potassium iodide (KI) + Mercurous Chloride (Hg2Cl2) →

A

Mercuric

101
Q

Weak bottles having thin spots or flaws may break inwardly
due to the development of a slight vacuum

A

IMPLOSION

Dispensing II Lab - K (2 decks)

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