Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dispensing II Lab - K > Chemical Incompatibilities > Flashcards

Chemical Incompatibilities Flashcards

1
Q

Occur as a result of chemical interaction among the
ingredients of a prescription

A

CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F: In Chemical incompatibility, the original composition is altered

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

COMPOUNDS CONSIDERED SOLUBLE

A

acetates
nitrates
Sulfates, except Ba; Sr; Pb; and Ag
All sodium salts
Potassium salts except barbiturates
Chlorides except silver and mercurous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sulfates that are insoluble

A

Ba; Sr; Pb; and Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

K salts that are insoluble

A

barbiturates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chlorides that are insoluble

A

silver and mercurous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Occurs instantaneously upon compounding

A

IMMEDIATE INCOMPATIBILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Immediate incompatibility is readily apparent due to:

A

○ Effervescence
○ Precipitation
○ Color changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

React on such a slow rate

A

DELAYED INCOMPATIBILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Occur without appreciable visible change/immediate
physical evidence of change

A

DELAYED INCOMPATIBILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: Delayed incompatibility may or may not have a physical evidence

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F: Delayed incompatibility may or may not result in loss of therapeutic activity

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If Rx dispensed is used up before, about _______% of the therapeutic activity is los

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

REMEDIES FOR DELAYED INCOMPATIBILITY

A

Use of “Store in a Refrigerator” label
Use of “Shake well” label when applicable to promote
uniform dosage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This remedy help decrease the rate of loss of activity

A

Use of “Store in a Refrigerator” label

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

This remedy slows down hydrolysis, redox, or other chemical
reactions (occur more rapidly at room temperature)

A

Use of “Store in a Refrigerator” label

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ingredients with chemically similar active groups are
usually ___________

A

compatible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F: For polar molecules, if they have the same
functional group, then they are probably
compatible with each othe

A

True (Conservative generalization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reactions manifest through:
1. Formation of precipitate
2. Evolution of gas
3. Addition or elimination of water
4. Absorption or evolution of heat
5. Formation of complexes or chelates

A

Drugs react like other organic & inorganic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Drugs react like other organic & inorganic compounds, manifestations:
1. Formation of ___________
2. Evolution of _______
3. Addition or elimination of ________
4. Absorption or evolution of ________
5. Formation of __________

A
  1. precipitate
  2. gas
  3. water
  4. heat
  5. complexes or chelates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

These reactions usually cause loss of active drug
content and do not provide obvious visual or olfactory
evidence of their occurrence:

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Hydrolysis
  3. Epimerization
  4. Decarboxylation
  5. Dehydration
  6. Photochemical decomposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chemical reactions are enhanced by the following
factors:

A
  1. Adverse temperatures
  2. Light
  3. Humidity
  4. Oxygen
  5. Carbon dioxid
  6. Over dilution
  7. Excessive storage
  8. Incorrect pH adjustment
  9. Presence of catalysts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Drugs susceptible to oxidation:

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine)
Phenolics (phenylephrine, morphine)
Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine)
Olefins
Steroids
Tricyclics
Thiols (captopril)
Miscellaneous
Oils, fats phenolic substances, aldehydes, vitaminsundergo auto-oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
Protect from oxygen by using _________ containers and
limiting storage time through _______________ by limiting it.

A

tight; conservative
beyond-use-date (BUDs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
Protect from light by using ______________
and syringes, and wrap containers with light-resistant
wrappings because light __________ oxidation

A

light-resistant containers; hastens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION
Add a _______________ like edetate disodium
(EDTA).

A

metal-chelating agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
Add an __________

A

antioxidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
Control ______ and _______

A

storage temperature and pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Oxidation is favored by __________

A

alkaline pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

REMEDIES FOR OXIDATION:
_________ drugs that are easily oxidized with those that are readily reduced.

A

Separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T/F: Folic acid is incompatible with oxidizing
agents, reducing agents, and metal ions

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

______________ (Vitamin B12) has limited
compatibility with ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
(about 24 hours), thiamine (Vitamin B1) and
niacinamide (Vitamin B3)

A

Cyanocobalamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Problem with water exposure

A

Hydrolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Many substances hydrolyze in water & the change may be
hastened by ________, catalyst, _______, _______, certain metals
___________, etc

A

heat; esters; amides; (Zn, Fe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Drugs susceptible to hydrolysis:

A
  1. Esters, (procaine, tetracaine, aspirin, compounds
    with lactone rings)
  2. Amides (penicillins)
  3. Imides (barbiturates)
  4. Thiolesters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Ionic Hydrolysis:
ionized species + H+ or OH - of H2O → _______ products

A

unionized insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Special type of acid-base reaction (change of pH)

A

IONIC HYDROLYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Ionic hydrolysis is manifested as precipitate of _______ or _________

A

basic salts or hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Example of Ionic Hydrolysis

A

ZnCl2 + H2O → ZnOHCl (Tribasic zinc chloride / Zinc chloride
hydroxide monohydrate (precipitate) + H
+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

T/F: Molecular Hydrolysis is slower rate than ionic

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

T/F: Molecular Hydrolysis has reduced therapeutic activity

42
Q

REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES:
For solids, control exposure to moisture by using ________ containers and ________

A

tight; desiccants

43
Q

REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES:
Control the ________ of aqueous formulations

44
Q

REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES:
Check the effect of general _________ or _______ and drug
concentration

A

acids or bases

45
Q

REMEDIES FOR HYDROLYTIC CHANGES:
Control _______ temperature

46
Q

Rate of hydrolysis is accelerated at __________
temperatures

47
Q

Representative drugs of Evolution of Gas

A

Sodium bicarbonate and Carbonate buffers
Ortho- and para-substituted benzoic acids, like
p-aminosalicylic acid

48
Q

usually effervesce with the presence of acids

A

Sodium bicarbonate and Carbonate buffers

49
Q

caused by the liberation of CO2 from the:
○ Reaction of carbonates and acids in aqueous media
○ Decomposition of syrups of para-aminosalicylic acid

A

Effervescence

50
Q

REMEDIES FOR EVOLUTION OF GAS:
Do not combine drug products that generate _________
with sodium bicarbonate or drug products that contain
carbonate buffers.

51
Q

REMEDIES FOR EVOLUTION OF GAS:
For vulnerable solid dosage forms, store and dispense
in _________ containers.

52
Q

Cisplatin is the best known example of ________

A

Displacement

53
Q

One of the chloride ligands in the cisplatin molecule is
slowly displaced by water (an aqua ligand), in a
process termed ____________

54
Q

The_____________ in the resulting molecule is then
displaced, allowing cisplatin to coordinate to a
basic site in DNA

A

aqua ligand

55
Q

Then the __________ crosslinks two bases via
displacement of the other chloride ligand

56
Q

When cisplatin is __________, the solution must have a
sodium chloride concentration of at least_________ to
maintain the chloride ions on the cisplatin
molecule

A

diluted; 0.2%

57
Q

Aluminum displaces the platinum when _________
needles are used

58
Q

COMPLEXATION representative drugs

A

Tetracycline by multivalent ions like calcium,
magnesium, iron, and aluminum
Aminophylline

59
Q

is a complex with 2:1 ratio of
theophylline and ethylenediamine

A

Aminophylline

60
Q

T/F: Theophylline may precipitate out of solution

61
Q

REMEDY FOR (1/Theophylline) COMPLEXATION

A

Keep drug from offending ions.

62
Q

REMEDIES FOR (2/Aminophylline) COMPLEXATION:
Addition of excess ____________ to keep
theophylline in the complex.

A

ethylenediamine

63
Q

REMEDIES FOR (2/Aminophylline) COMPLEXATION:
Maintain pH of ________ to ________ using ethylenediamine.

64
Q

A mixture of equal parts of enantiomers is called a

65
Q

he conversion of one enantiomer to a
racemate is known as

A

racemization

66
Q

mirror images (Dextro and Levo)

A

Enantiomers

67
Q

Examples of drugs that undergo racemization

A
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Mepivacaine and Bupivacaine
  3. Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine
  4. Albuterol and Levalbuterol
  5. Omeprazole and Esomeprazole
68
Q

have identical chemical properties except
toward opticallyactive reagents, enzymes, biological
receptors and membranes

A

Enantiomers

69
Q

has approximately 15 to 20 times the
physiologic activity as the d-enantiomer

A

l-enantiomer

70
Q

Conversion of an optically active form to an optically
inactive form without changing chemical constitution
produces _____________ pharmacological activity

71
Q

Problems exist only when one enantiomer is __________
physiologically active than the other one and when
racemization takes place easily

72
Q

Optical isomers that are not superimposable and are not
mirror images are called

A

diastereomers

73
Q

Pair of diastereomers that differ only in the
configuration about one carbon atom are called

74
Q

T/F: epimers have different physical properties: melting
points, boiling points, solubilities and densities

75
Q

T/F: Epimers have the same functional groups and show
similar chemical properties, but exhibit different rates
of reaction

76
Q

example of a drug that may epimerize
with loss of therapeutic activity.

A

Pilocarpine

77
Q

Epimerization of __________ occurs only in solution

A

tetracycline

78
Q

REMEDIES FOR EPIMERIZATION:
Formulation of _________
Control of _________

A

Formulation of suspension
Control of pH with buffers.

79
Q

REMEDIES FOR Precipitation of large cation/large anion compounds

A

Keep solutions separate.
Administer at different sites or different times

80
Q

Organic salts with a special or unusual counter ion, such as
________, _______, ________ should be added with caution
to another salt

A

mesylate, lactate, succinate

81
Q

When a drug manufacturer uses a special salt form, one
reason is that the hydrochloride, sulfate or other more
common salts is ____________

A

less soluble

82
Q

Precipitation of alkaloids caused by________, ______. ___________, _______

A

citrate salts, tannins,
iodide and picric acid

83
Q

REMEDY FOR Alkaloidal precipitants

A

Addition of alcohol or glycerin to prevent precipitation.

84
Q

T/F: Reduction is less common in prescriptions

85
Q

may be reduced by light to
the metallic form

A

Silver, mercury, and gold salts

86
Q

Alterations in color

A

Color changes

87
Q

EXPLOSIVE COMBINATIONS example

A

Oxidizing Agents + Reducing Agents

88
Q

Glycerin + Sulfuric Acid + Nitric Acid →
Nitroglycerin

A

EXPLOSIVE COMBINATIONS

89
Q

All or part of the ingredients of a prescription may set a
mass of cementlike hardness

A

CEMENTATION

90
Q

Occurs when compounds from hydrates (ex. Plaster of
paris) polymerize, or convert to new crystal forms

A

CEMENTATION

91
Q

Solutions form a gel when combined with certain
substances. rarely encountered.

A

GELATINIZATION

92
Q

Acacia solutions are gelatinized by _______ salt since
acacia possesses _________ groups which may be
cross-lined by _________ ferric ions to form polymer
chains

A

ferric; carboxyl; trivalent

93
Q

Evolution of heat; Decomposed
when temperature is raised.

A

Exothermic Reaction

94
Q

More stable at higher
temperatures.

A

Endothermic Reaction

95
Q

Compounds that are formed with evolution of heat tend to
decompose when the temperature is __________

96
Q

Compounds that require heat for their formation are more
stable at __________ temperature

97
Q

Chemical changes occur without visible evidence of the
reaction

A

INVISIBLE CHANGES

98
Q

Chemical reaction between two substances produces
products which are more toxic than the original substances

A

DEVELOPMENT OF POISONOUS SUBSTANCE

99
Q

○ KI + Hg2Cl2 (calomel) in the presence of moisture →

A

Hg
+2
(toxic)

100
Q

Potassium iodide (KI) + Mercurous Chloride (Hg2Cl2) →

101
Q

Weak bottles having thin spots or flaws may break inwardly
due to the development of a slight vacuum

Dispensing II Lab - K (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions