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OBGYN rotation review > phys- ovulation and menopause > Flashcards

phys- ovulation and menopause Flashcards

1
Q

second half of the ovarian cycle is called

A

luteal phase

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2
Q

how is estrogen circulation moderated

A

by altering it’s binding protein (SHBG)

increase SHBG- estrogen and thyroxine (produced mainly in the follicular phase)

decrease SHBG- progesterone and androgens (produced in the luteal phase)

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3
Q

If the oocyte is not fertilized and implanted, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

it degenerates (w/in 14 days) to become the corpus albicans

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4
Q

When does the menstrual phase (menses) of the uterine cycle occur in relation to the ovarian cycle?

A

14 days after ovulation

(end of luteal phase, beginning of folllicular phase)

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5
Q

which hormone causes the epithelial layer of the vagina to proliferate and also increased vaginal secretions

A

estrogen

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6
Q

which hormone decreases the proliferation of the epithelial layer of the vagina

A

progesterone

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7
Q

which hormone increases oxytocin receptors and contractions in the uterus

A

estrogen

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8
Q

menopause flowchart

A

super super low follicle pool ⇒ super low estrogen ⇒ increased LH and FSH ⇒ cycle arrest ie MENOPAUSE

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9
Q

ovulation phase feedback is controlled by

A

estrogen

positive feedback

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10
Q

which hormone is cardioprotective: good for cholesterol, decreases atherosclerosis, and is an arterial vasodilator

A

estrogen

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11
Q

luteal phase feedback is controlled by

A

progesterone

negative feedback

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12
Q

what are the effects of LH surge

(5)

A
  1. antral follicle becomes graafian follicle
  2. meisosis is resumed
  3. enzymes digest follicle so that oocyte can rupture out
  4. folliclular theca cells become corpus luteum
  5. increased prostaglandins
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13
Q

proliferative phase days

does it vary?

A

days 5-14

yes, it varies

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14
Q

what FSH level is indicative of menopause

A

over 30

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15
Q

which hormone causes the cervical mucous to become thinner, more watery, and more alkaline, while also causing the cervix to become stretchier

A

estrogen

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16
Q

What has feedback control over FSH and LH gonadotrophs during the follicular phase?

A

estrogen

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17
Q

during the follicular phase, granulosa and thecal cells secrete increased amounts of ____

which will be stored where

A

estrogen

stored in the antrum

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18
Q

which hormones causes the epiphysis to close

A

estrogen

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19
Q

perimenopause flowchart

A

decreased folliular pool ⇒ decreased inhibin ⇒ increased FSH ⇒ faster follicular maturation ⇒ shorter cycle

then

vastly decreased follicular pool ⇒ decreased estrogen ⇒ delayed positive feedback ⇒ longer cycle

then

insufficient estrogen ⇒ no positive feedback ⇒ anovulation

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20
Q

after estrogen is created, where does it go

A

part is bound to SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) and secreted into the blood to exert systemic effects

part stays in the folliclue to help form the antrum

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21
Q

which hormone decreases Na reabosorption

(less bloating)

A

progesterone

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22
Q

which hormone inhibits body and facial hair growth

while stimulating pubic and axillary growth

A

estrogen

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23
Q

When does the progestational phase of the uterine cycle occur in relation to the ovarian cycle?

A

after ovulation (when the corpus luteum is formed) until the corpus luteum degenerates

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24
Q

which hormone is protective from osteoporosis due to:

  1. increased Ca uptake into bone
  2. PTH antagonization and decreased resportion
  3. osteoclast inhibition
A

estrogen

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25
Q

menstrual phase days

does it vary?

A

days 0-4

yes, it varies

26
Q

If the oocyte IS fertilized and implanted, what happens to the corpus luteum?

Who signals this?

A

continues to grow and produce estrogen and progesterone, becoming the corpus luteum of pregnancy

signaled by the release of HCG by the placenta

27
Q

follicular phase feedback is controlled by

A

estrogen

negative feedback

28
Q

what happens during the progestational phase

A

progesterone (secreted by the corpus luteum) changes the endometrium into a highly vascularized, glycogen filled tissue

29
Q

which hormone causes the endometrial glands to develop and differentiate into an actively secreting tissue, forms the placenta, and decreases uterine contractility

A

progesterone

30
Q

Which hormones control the follicular phase?

A

FSH and LH

which are stimulated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

FSH- low pulse frequency

LH- high pulse frequency

31
Q

what stimulates the ovarian follicles

A

FSH and LH

FSH is the most important in the follicular phase though because it stimulates the follicle to mature

32
Q

What is the follicle that grows more rapidly during the follicular phase to then rupture and release it’s egg?

What is this called?

On what day does this occur?

A

graafian follicle

ovulation

day 14

33
Q

which hormone causes the cervix to be less stretchy and makes cervical mucus more acidic and thick

A

progesterone

34
Q

Which hormone causes bloating during the menstrual cycle?

and how?

A

estrogen

by increasing the absorption of salt and water

35
Q

which hormones increase the permeability, thickness, and vascularity of the endometrium

A

estrogen

36
Q

During the follicular phase, what hormonal change causes the ovarian follicle to secrete more estrogen?

A

the rise in FSH

37
Q

HOW is estrogen secreted

A

theca cells convert cholesterol to androgens with the enzyme cholesterol desmolase when stimulated by luteinizing hormone during the follicular phase

androgens move into the nearby granulosa cells

granulosa cells convert androgens to estradiol with the enzyme aromatase when stimulated by FSH

38
Q

which hormone causes the oocyte to move into the fallopian tube

A

estrogen

(increases the number of cilia and their rate of beating)

39
Q

what synthesizes receptors for progesterone on uterine cells

A

estrogen

40
Q

which hormone increases the branching of the breast ductal system, and also stimulates the development of lobules and alveoli

A

progesterone

41
Q

There are high levels of estrogen in the luteal phase…

how is a second LH surge suppressed?

A

progesterone via negative feedback

42
Q

the menstrual cycle is also known as what

A

endometrial/ uterine cycle

43
Q

menopause = no menses for ____ (time)

A

12 months

44
Q

what happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

endometrium repairs itself and proliferates

due to estrogen from newly growing follicles

45
Q

What cells produce steroids during the luteal phase?

Where do they come from?

When do they become fully functional?

A

Luteal cells of the corpus luteum

They’re old follicular cells that have transformed to become enlarged, cholesterol filled, highly vascularized hormone producers (luteinization)

become fully functional 4 days after ovulation

46
Q

what causes menstrual cramps

A

increased prostaglandins which cause increased uterine contractions

47
Q

cycles longer than 28 days have a longer ____ phase

A

proliferative

48
Q

which hormone causes increased deposition of SQ fat in the hips and breasts

A

estrogen

49
Q

WHEN and HOW is progesterone secreted

A

when- Luteal phase

how- luteal cells (transformed theca and granulosa cells) secrete it

theca cells convert cholesterol to pregnenolone with the enzyme cholesterol desmolase when stimulated by luteinizing hormone

pregnenolone becomes progesterone (by 3 beta hydroxysteroid)

50
Q

which hormone increases body temp and appetite

A

progesterone

51
Q

Which hormones control the luteal phase?

A

progesterone and estrogen

(secreted from the corpus luteum)

52
Q

GnRH can be inhibited by what things?

(causing decreased release of LH and FSH)

A

stress

exercise

illness

endorphins

prolactin

53
Q

What inhibits the release of FSH and LH in the luteal phase?

A

progesterone

with an unfertilized egg, as the levels drop (due to the degenerating corpus luteum) the levels declining, causing the levels to begin to rise again at the end, initiating a new cycle

54
Q

secretory/ progestational phase days

does it vary?

A

days 15-28

no, it is constant

55
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

rise in LH

56
Q

first half of the ovarian cycle is called

A

follicular phase

57
Q

Increased prostaglandins due to the LH surge causes?

A

PMS!!!

increased follicular blood flow, wall distensibility, and proteolytic enzymes

58
Q

What inhibits the release of FSH (specifically)?

A

Inhibin which is released from granulosa cells when induced by FSH itself

59
Q

When does the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle occur in relation to the ovarian cycle?

A

from the last portion of the follicular phase (end of menstruation) to ovulation

60
Q

after progesterone is created, how does it travel in the blood

A

bound to CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin)

61
Q

which hormone increases breast ductal growth, nipple size, pigmentation, and general breath growth

A

estrogen

required for growth

62
Q

Which hormones control the ovulation phase?

A

estrogen and LH

high level of estrogen causes positive feedback and even more estrogen via increased GnRH pulses and increased GnRH receptors

high levels of estrogen cause LH surge at midcycle

(FSH does not rise due to inhibin)

OBGYN rotation review (14 decks)

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