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Sports Science Y3 S1 > Phys Lab > Flashcards

Phys Lab Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe VO2 maximal exercise test and drawbacks

A

Low = increased risk of CVD and premature mortality
Direct determination via a maximal exercise test and measuring expired expired gases - O2, Co2 and gas volumes (indirect calorimetry)
Not suitable for individuals with high risk CVD
Lack of specialist equipment or trained personel
Cost of equipment and need for system calibration

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2
Q

Decribe the 4 methods for predicting VO2 max

A

The Bruce treadmill protocol - maximal graded exercise test
The Astrand - Ryhming cycle ergometer test - submaximal test
The Chester Step Test - submaximal test
Questionnaire (no exercise)

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3
Q

Safe conduct guidline

A

Complete a PAR-Q (physical activity readiness questionnaire)
Informed consent form sign
1) Ensure that the treadmill or ergometer is safe
2) Describe all procedures fully to the participant and provide a written summary (Participant Information Sheet)
3) Familiarise the participant with all equipment to be used]
4) Give the participant opportunity to ask questions
5) Ensure that the participant knows that it is his/her responsibility to inform the experimenter if they are in difficulties during the test.
6) Watch the patient closely during and 10 minutes afterwards
7) Give the participant time to warm up and cool down after exercise
behave calmly
Use simple language

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4
Q

Describe the Bruce Treadmill protocol and benefits/ drawbacks

A

Maximal exercise stress test.
Performed until exhaustion or signs and symptoms.
Duration used to predict VO2 max.
Every 3 minutes (to end of 27), % grade increased from 10 by 2 and speed increased by .8-1.5km/h.

Non invasive
Suspected heart disease patients

Can give overestimation if heavy use of handrail

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5
Q

What is monitored during the Bruce treadmill protocol?

A

HR, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), ECG, BP, clinical signs and patient symptoms.
Often difficult to measure obs

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6
Q

How is duration of the Bruce treadmill protocol used to predict VO2max?

A

Using equation

Fraction of a minute needs to be calculate (

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7
Q

Describe the Astrand-Rhyming cycle ergometer test

A

Submaximal stress test
Heart rate is used to predict VO2 max when working at a set heart rate.
A nomogram is uses gender, HR and Work load to calculate VO2 max. This is then multiplied by a correction factor to adjust for age

The participant works at 50rpm for 6 minutes. HR is taken at minute 5 and minute 6 and an average is taken.
Unconditioned male uses 300 or 600 kg.m.min-1 = 50-100Watt
Conditioned male 600-900= 100-150
Female = 300-450
cond female = 450-600

Stop at 70%HR reserve / 85% HRmax.
Goal to get HR between 125-170
PES used also

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8
Q

What assumptions need to be met for an accurate estimate of VO2 max (5)

A

1) steady state heart rate is reached for each exercise work rate
2) Linear relationship between WR and HR
3) Predicted and actual max HR are minimal difference
4) Mechanical efficiency is the same for everyone
5) No caffeine, drugs, stress, dehydration, hot as all of these affect heart rate

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9
Q

How is kg.m.min-1 calculated?

A

flywheel reveloves at 6m per revolution. 50RPM. 1kg x 6 x 50 = 300kg.m.min

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10
Q

Describe the Chester step test

A

Step in time to muscle
Low resource, don’t need specialists/ ergometers
5 x 2min stages

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11
Q

What does the chester step test require

A

CD player (metronome), HR monitor, stop watch, graph paper/nomogram, Borg 6-20RPE scale, steps

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12
Q

What are the heights of the step in the Chester step test

A

30cm <40 regular MVPA performed
25cm >40 regular MVPA performed
20cm <40 little or no activity/ moderatel overweight
15cm >40 little or no activity/ moderately overweight
>60 then 15-20cm

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13
Q

What should be done prior to the Chester step test

A 
Measure resting HR
Ask age
Calculate predicted max HR
Explain
-step on and off in time with tape 
-Every 2 mins HR and RPE will be checked and pace will increase
-Can change lead leg
- Continue until 80% or RPE >=14
-Tired, dizziy, faint, breathless then stop
Demonstrate technique
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14
Q

How is the Chester step test conducted?

A 
Start stopwatch
Ensure timing is correct
Ensure patient doesn have hands on knees
Take HR and RPE
Repeat
3 levels are needed for valid outcome
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15
Q

How do you interpret Chester step test?

A

Plot HR on graph paper taking into accont height
Draw linear line of best fit (do not use if <50% heart rate max)
INterpolate maximal O2 from age predicted max HR

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16
Q

Decribe non-exercise VO2 max estimation

A

Used questionaires e.g. CHarles.
Uses sex, BMI, age, Percieved fitness and percieved PA

PFA - Percieved functional ability based on pace at which you could run 1 mile continuously (not too fast or slow) - just right for you = 1-13
Also pace at which could run/ walk 3 miles without getting out of breath or overly fatigued 1-13

PA-R habitual PA
1-10 based on light, mod, vig activity average over last 6 months

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17
Q

What can be done prior to test?

A 
Forms and sheets ready
Calibrate equipment
Organsie so that same muscle group is not stressed continually
Consent form
Maintain temp 20-22 and humidity <60%
Obtain HR, BP, height, weight, body comp
Note use of BBs or drugs with HR effect
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18
Q

What should be done between tests?

A

Allow HR and BP to return to baseline

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19
Q

Define cardiorespiratory fitness

A

Ability to perform large muscle dynamic MV intensity exercise for prolonged periods of time

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20
Q

What physiological factors is VO2 max dependent on?

A

CO and arterial to venous pressure gradient

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21
Q

How do you know you have obtained VO2 in test?

A

O2 consumption at a steady state

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22
Q

Difference between VO2 max and peak VO2?

A

Peak = not O2 steady state - most pulmonary/ CVS patients

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23
Q

When can submax be used in MI patients

A

4-hrs after MI

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24
Q

Why is HR in submax not directly linked to VO2? one way to make this better

A

due to environment, diet and behaviour
e.g. allow a practice to reduce effects of anxiety.
Avoid caffeine.
Allow HR to reach steady state

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25
Q

Describe field testing of VO2max - benefits and drawbacks

A 
Running/walking in predetermined distance or time.
Cooper 12 min test
1.5mile run
Submax but may be max for some
Unmonitored obs
Motivation and pacing ability effects
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26
Q

Why can a practice motor driven treadmill sub max test be useful?

A

Reduce anxiety

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27
Q

Positives and negatives of cycle ergometer tests

A

People less familiar to this type - may be inefficient, may cause muscle fatigue that limits.
Needs calibration
Needs proper pedal rate

MOre transportable, easier to take obs, cheaper

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28
Q

Positives and negatives of step testing

A

not good for coridation/ balance problems
Some may exceed maximal capacity

Inexpensive

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29
Q

Describe submax treadmill tests

A

Stop at 70HRR or 85% HRmax

3min or longer ensures steady HR

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30
Q

Test termination criteria

A 
SBP decrease 10 with increase in work load.
HR fails to increase (estimate may be wrong)
Participant asks to stop
Clinical symptoms
Arrhythmias
BP >250/115
Manifestations of severe fatigue
Failing of equipemt
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31
Q

Purpose of muscular strength and endurance (muscular fitness) programs

A

Increase QoL, ADL, prevent muscle and bone wasting with age, increase lean body mass, beneficial CVS RFs, good for glucose tolerance

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32
Q

Rationale for muscular fitness testing

A

Track progress, show improvements/ motivate from baseline

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33
Q

Principles of muscular fitness testing

A

Specific to group, action, velocity, equipment and ROM
No single test
Muscular strength and endurance
Maintain full ROM, speed, strict posture, spotters when neccessary, equipment familliisation, warm up aerobic and static streches and several light intensity reps
Change based on absolute value of external resistance or just kg.
Generalisaility when comparing e.g. diff biomechs of machines

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34
Q

Describe testing of muscular stregth and types

A

Resistance overcome or met

Static or dynamic

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35
Q

Describe static strength testing

A

Resistance handgrip dynamometers or static cable tensiometers
Specific to muscle group and joint angle so limited in describing overall strength
Peak force development = maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)

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36
Q

Describe dynamic muscular strength testing

A

Typically 1Rm ro 4-8RM
Bench or shoulder for upper body
Lower body leg press or extension

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37
Q

How to determine 1RM

A

Warm up - submax reps to determine 1RM range
4 trials with 3-5mins rest - progressively increasing weight until cannot complete (initial is 50-70% capacity)
Final is absolute 1RM

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38
Q

Describe muscular endurance assessment

A

Absolute or relative (%of 1RM)
e.g. 70% e.g. curl up test or push up
Also duration of static muscle action

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39
Q

Uses of muscular fitness testing in older adults and example of one

A

Highlight/ account for physical limitations to design programs to account for this
Increase independent life and life expectancy
Senior fitness test - 30 chair stand test and sing arm curl.

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40
Q

Describe strength testing in coronary prone clients/ patients

A

Mod intensity resistnace training 2-3d/week
Prevent and manage a variety of chronic medical condition, modify RFs, enhance psychosocial well-being.
Not sev symptoms cna do mod intensity 10-15 reps
Elicit HR and BP responses in normal limits (pressor responses)

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41
Q

Describe muscular fitness testing in children and adolescents and purposes, from what age?

A

INcrease posture, self confidence, lean body mass, reduce risk of injury, enhance moor performance
7-8yr can be ok
Push up an abdominal curl up

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42
Q

Describe testing of flexibility

A

Ability to move joint through its full ROM
Athletic performance is liked and AoDL
Damage can occur beyond ROM
Joint specific
LAb tests express in degrees - objective
Screening use visual estimates (not good)

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43
Q

What does flexibility depend on

A

Joint capsule
Muscular viscosity
Adequate warm up
Compliance of other tissues e.g. tendon/ lig

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44
Q

Describe the sit and reach test

A

Sitting ith knees in extension how far can fingertips reach forward
Due to hips and haps and lower back

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45
Q

Describe a comprehense health fitness evlation

A 
Prescreening/ risk classification
Resting HR, BP, BMI, ECG
Body comp- waist and skinfold
Cardioresp fitness
Muscular strength
Musc endurance
Flexibility
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46
Q

Describe the townsend score

A

Scale of socioeconomic status dependent on post code. Takes into account:
Non-car ownership (%)
Non-home ownership (%)
Household overcrowding
Unemployment (% over 16 and economically active).
Based on census data

47
Q

The factors in the Framingham Heart study multivariate algorithm

A 
7 factors
Age,
HDL
Total cholesterol
BP
BP medication history
Diabetes status
Smoking status
48
Q

What does the Framingham risk score do? When is an intervention needed?

A

10 year risk of development of CHD

Needed if >20%

49
Q

What is needed to measure cholesterol levels? What needs to be checked?

A

Cardiocheck point-of-care bioanalyser, glvoes, apron, warm water, gause, lancets, sterile wipe, sharps bin, yellow bag

50
Q

Why is smoking bad?

A 
Endothelial damage
Raises BP
Thickens blood
Strains heart
Damages lungs - cancer, COPD, asthma
51
Q

Describe spirometry uses, and key points?

A

Fully respire as quick as possible after a full inhalation
Repeat 3 times - take highest or 2 readings within 5% of each other
Mouth tight seal
Use nomograph with age and height
Used for diagnosis and monitoring

52
Q

Abnormal spirometry findings?

A

FVC <80% of predicted
FEV1 <80%
FEV1/FVC <0.7

53
Q

Describe the QRISK-2 Calculator RFs included

A 
from 2 million medical records.
Same as Framingham but
tc/HDL instead
Fx - event <60
BMI
Self assigned ethnicity
CKD
AF
RA
Deprivation

Chance of having CHD or stroke

54
Q

Why might QRISK be better than Framingham?

A

Includes stroke.

Based on UK population

55
Q

What are the goals of the new ACSM exercise pre-participation screening process?

A

Identify those that need medical clearance or with disease who may benefit from a medically supervised program or exclusion
Reduce barriers to a regular exercise program

56
Q

What factors determine course of action for preparticipation screening

A

Current exericse participation
Known signs or symptoms or CVS, metabolic or renal disease
Desired exercise intensity

57
Q

What problems are apparent with an overly rigorous pre-exercise screening process?

A

Excessive physician referrals - barrier to participation
Exercise is safe for most people and has many benefits
CVS events are often preeded by warning signs/ symptoms

58
Q

What physiological processes are thought to underpin exercise-induced cardiac events in young people and adults (<35)

A

Structural abnormalities
Conduction disorders
HCM - Impair function of heart and can lead to arrhythmias e.g. VF. Also thickened walls compromise function - exercise thickens too.

59
Q

According to Kim et al 2012 what is the CA and SCA death incidence rates in marathon and 1/2 marathon rnners

A

1.01 per 100,000 vs 0.27 per 100,000

Higher if older and male

60
Q

Describe the PAR-Q

A

Physical activity readiness questionnaire
7 questions
Yes to any one of them = physician referral

61
Q

Questions in the PAR-Q

A

1 - Doctor said you need to consult before exercising or do you have CVD?

2- Chest pain on exertion?

3- Chest pain at rest over last month?

4 - Medication for BP or CVD?

5 - Joint or bone problem that may get worse

6- Dizziness causing loss of coordination of LOC?

7 - Any other reason?

62
Q

What is the NHS health check

A

Free check for people ages 40-74. Get letter every 5 years without a pre-existing condition.
Uses clinRisk - based on QRISK-2.

63
Q

Participant instructions prior to exercise testing

A

No food, alc, caffeine or tobacco in last 3 hrs
Rested and avoid exertion on that day
Free clothing
Make aware they will be tired - driving ect
If diagnostic may need to discontinue meds
Bring a list of meds
Drink lots of fluids in 24hrs proceeding

64
Q

Stages of informed consent

A

Verbally describe process. Risk and benefits, they can withdraw at any time, check understanding, opportunity to ask questions, use of medical records.

65
Q

Procedure BMI

A

Also known as Quetelet,
mass/ height 2
Unknown reasons BMI >30 is worse (maybe not in mortality) but metabolic syndrome.
Use table to calculate % fat

66
Q

Positives BMI

A

Simple, good for populations

Good correlation with fattness in large groups

67
Q

Limitations BMI

A

+/- 5%
Bodybuilders
Not accurate for individual

68
Q

Positives Waist circum

A

better measure of central fat - used with BMI as central fat is a more potent RF.
Accuracy 2.5-4% if similar to gen pop and girth measurements are precice

69
Q

Describe Waist circum measurements

A

Measured at narrowest point between xiphoid and umbilicus.
Do not compress SC fat
Allow time for skin to regain nomral between - duplicate >5mm diff then do 3.
Often used with hip or with BMI- several methods.
Men >102cm and WOmen 88cm = increased risk

70
Q

Limitations waist circum

A

similar to skinfold and obvious

71
Q

Describe Skinfold

A

Tension should be 12g.mm-2
Right side of body
Caliped directly onto skin, 1cm away drom thumb and finger perpendicular to thefold and halfway between the crest and base of the fold.
Pinch maintained while reading the caliper
Wait 1-2s before reading the caliper
Take duplicate at each site and retest if not within 1-2mm
Rotate or allow time for skin to regain normal texture and thickness

72
Q

Positive skinfold

A

Correlates well with hydrodensitometry as SC fat proportional to total fat.
+/- 3.5% accuracy if good tehnique and equation

73
Q

Negative skinfold

A

Very dependent on technician
Variations in SC fat with sex and race - equations pop specific
Depends on expetise of technician, need training and practice
Not good in extremes

74
Q

Describe Bio-impedance analysis

A

Based on estimation of total body water
Passing a small electric current through the body and determining resistance
Fat free masss is more hydrated than fat and bone so less resistance

75
Q

Positive Bio-impedance analysis

A

Similar to skinfold in accuracy if protocol is followed

Can be used routinely

76
Q

Negative Bio-impedance analysis

A

Need normal hydration, temp, prior PA.
Only valid for population setting
Limited in obese due to different water distribution
Needs more research

77
Q

Positive Hydrostatic weighing

A

Very accurate

78
Q

Describe Hydrostatic weighing

A

Loss of weight = weight of water displaced.
An object is buoyed by a counterforce equal to the weight of the water displaced.
If one person with same mass but fatter, will displace more water, will have more buoyancy, will weigh less underwater.
Standard method for body comp

79
Q

Negative Hydrostatic weighing

A

Requires special equipment, accurate measurement of residual vol.
Pop specifc formulas
Significant cooperation by subject
Anxiety

80
Q

Describe Plethysmography

A

Air rather than water displacement e.g. dual chamer that measures body volume by changes in pressure in a closed chamber

81
Q

Positive Plethysmography

A

Now well established, reduces anxiety with hydrodensitometry

82
Q

Negative plethysmography

A

Needs chamber, staff ect.

83
Q

Describe DEXA

A

Duel-energy xray absorptiometry.
2 XR beams are used to scan the bod and measure the absorption.
Patient lies supine
12 minutes
to scan
Software reconstructs attenuated beams
Produces image and quantifies bone mineral content, total fat and FFm

84
Q

Pos DeXA

A

little radiation - 2 bananas or 15 on flight.

85
Q

Neg DEXA

A

Xrays

86
Q

Describe MRI

A

x

87
Q

Pos MRI

A 
Non invasive,
Not hazardous
Hydrogen nuclei excited via electromagnetis
Differences of water and lipid
Highly precise
Breakdown of segments
88
Q

Neg MRI

A

Accessibility and cost - just research

89
Q

What is the obesity paradox?

A

HF patients - improved surviva when BMI >30

90
Q

Describe WHR and uses

A 
Hips - Buttocks at widest part.
Very high for men WHR >.95 and .86 for ladies.
For 60-69yr olds it's
>1.03 and 0.9.
Used with BMI for risk
91
Q

How much does sub cut fat account for?

A

Varies in pops but normally 1/3 of total fat

92
Q

Describe the sites of the skinfold tests.

A

Triceps - vert, halfway between olcranon and acromium, midline
Biceps - vert 1cm above triceps in midline.
Pectoral - diagonal halfway between nipple and ant ax line and 1/3 in women
Abdominal- vert - 2cm right of umbilicus
Subscapular - diagonal 45 deg 1-2cm below inferior angle
Suprailiac - diagnoal with IC in ant ax line superior to crest
thigh - vert on ant midline halfway between inguinal crease and patella
Calf - medial - vertical fold at maxi circum

93
Q

How to convert body density to body comp?

A

Use pop specific formulas

94
Q

Total body electric conductivity (TOBEC) draw back

A

Cost and need for highly trained personnel

95
Q

Describe body comp norms

A

No universal norms
Done on % values
Exact for optimal health but 10-22 and 20-33% suggested

96
Q

How much weight lost to be “weight loss” how much is clinically significant

A

> 5-10%

<3% = weight maintainence

97
Q

How much PA for weight loss?

A

> 250mins
Less clear evidence for 150-250 may lose in some and with diet but minimal amount.
Fitness determines size of weight loss

98
Q

How much PA to prevent weight gain?

A

150-250 MPA

99
Q

How much PA to improve weight maintenance after loss? quality of evidence?

A

> 250 (maybe more)

Lack of RCTs

100
Q

How can a fat guy achieve weight loss best? How is BMI 45 different to 32?

A 
Surgery
Diet 
Drugs 
Exericse
CAnt burn as many calories if less fit.
101
Q

What is Nonexercise activity thermalgenesis? Different from lifestyle forms of PA?

A

All energy burned not from sleeping, eating or planned exercise programs

Lifestyle PA then same (PA not in structured period of exercise)

102
Q

Ways of measuring Nonexercise activity thermogenesis?

A

Subjective not as good.

Objective 0 PEdo, acceloerometer, inclinometer and doubly labelled water

103
Q

Benefits of resistance training for weight loss?

A

Increase fat free mass
Maybe increase 24 hr RMR.
Combination with aerobic may be better for fat loss and prevention of lean tissue loss (high protein can help)
Improvements in CVD RFs in the abscence of weight loss e.g. HDL, LDL, TG, insulin, BP.

Not enough evidence for roe in chronic disease

104
Q

Difference between RMR and BMR

A

BMR = minimal amount of energy required to sustain vital functions
RMR = Energy expenditure at rest (increase with digestion, post exercise ect.)
‘Thermogenic effect of feeding’ separate
Only difference between RMR and BMR is that BMR is more accurate metab rate

105
Q

How is RMR measured?

A

3-4 hours after a light meal without prior PA (higher than BMR measured at rest without food in past 12 hours)

106
Q

How does energy expenditure vary with O2 consumption?

A

Seated for 10 mins
Quietly for 5 mins
Collect inspired air into a Douglas bag for further 5 minutes
Breathed out using O2/ CO2 analyser

107
Q

Approximate RMR, who may this be lower for?

A

1kcal/kg/hr

females, older, overweight

108
Q

Approximate equations for calculating RMR

A 
Female = (10 x kg) + (6.25 x cm) -161
Men= (10 x kg) + (6.25x cm) +5
109
Q

How can energy expenditure in PA be calculated?

A

MET x duration in hours x kg.
MET from the compendium of Physical activities codes from Arizona state university.
MET = multiple of RMR
= 1 kcal per kg per hr or 3.5ml/kg/min

110
Q

NET Pa from compendium?

A

MET - 1.

111
Q

How to estimate energy expenditure at 60% VO2 max?

A

Estimate VO2 max
Calculate 60% in L/hr (use body weight and ml to L)
x5 = kcal per hr

1MET = 1 kcal per kg. per hr so find out

Note 60% is maximum sustainable aerobic exercise intensity

112
Q

Energy expenditure directly from MET calculation? VAriation?

A

MET x kg x duration = kcal

Variation due to body weight and fat
Age
Fitness
Genetics
Sex 
MEchanical effcience and environmental conditions
113
Q

Purposes of Compendium and update in 2011

A

Quantify the energy cost of a wide variety of PA
Enhance comparability of results across studies using self report PA
Major headings which organise PA by purpose e.g. leisure, transportation, occupation

Sports Science Y3 S1 (5 decks)

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