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Human perf 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the original diving bell and later improvemets

A

Lowered into water, at 10m, vol of air halves so barrel that is lower to fill up
Free dive from here
Later connected to surface and air pumped in

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2
Q

Describe the Lethbridge diving engine

A

Suit connected to surface with handsfree

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3
Q

Problems with first diving suits connected to surface

A

CO2 build up
underestimated pressures needed
Cold exposure
Falling over- air to feet

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4
Q

Describe SCUBA/ aqua lung

A

Self contained underwater breathing appliance.
Now to 200atm/ 3000PSI
Automatic demand valve to mouthpiece which regulates pressure in regards to depth

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5
Q

Exosuit pressure and problems

A

Very deep

Must remain constant vol as if this decreases it will be very hard to increase again

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6
Q

how many Torr, kPA, hPa, mbar, bar and cm H2O = 1atm?

A 
760mmHg
760 Torr
100 kPa
1000 hPa 
1 bar
1000 cmH20
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7
Q

Explain Boyle’s law

A

For a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature
Volume x Pressure = constant
Or
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Hence deeper you go (higher pressure) the quicker the gas bottle will empty (lower vol)

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8
Q

What is the normal residual volume of the lungs and how deep before this is met? Why was it thought that we couldnt free dive lower than this?

A

6L down to 1.5 at 30m (4ata)

would draw tissue fluid and burst BVs as lower pressure and result in drowning

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9
Q

What factors allow us to dive deeper than initially though

A

Larger volume of lung (>6L) and hyperventilation/ overfilling
Smaller residual volume - diaphragm rises higher

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10
Q

Different types of free diving competitions

A

Static apnea
Dynamic apneo
Constant wight (no fins or fins)

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11
Q

Explain Dalton’s Law

A

The pressure exerted by a ags mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures which each of the gasses would exert if it alone occupied the space filled by the mixture (partial pressure)

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12
Q

What is the normal partial pressure of O2?

A

.209 x 760 = 159mmHg

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13
Q

How can partial pressure be calculated

A

conc x 760 x ata (total pressure)

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14
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

if the Partial pressure of a gas in a liquid is reduced then the amount of that gas which can be held in solution will be decreased proportionally

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15
Q

why does shallow water blackout occur?

A

Normally rising CO2 triggers urge to breath.
Hyperventilation prior decreases CO2 (doesnt really increase O2 as already nearly fully saturated) resulting in a delay breathing stimulus.
If O2 falls below 30mmHg (normally 105) then blackout occurs
All phases of the dive in shallow water so depressurisation is not a factor
Can train yourself to be less sensitive to CO2 also by often breathing in high Co2. - more likely

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16
Q

Why does deep water black out occur?

A

Arterial O2 is normally 105mmHg
At 4ATA it increases to 420.
This can decrease to 105 without a problem.
Sudden ascent then pressure will fall 3x.
Result in <30mmHg and a blackout.
Deeper more likely

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17
Q

What is Samba and when does it occur? What can proceed it?

A

Loss of motor control.
It is a partial loss of physical or mental integrity and generally occurs up to 15 seconds after reaching the surface, normally during your first breath after a dive.
Blackout is the next stage.

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18
Q

How does a scuba tank keep lung volume constant?

A

Adjusts pressure to match surrounding pressure so lung volume stays constant

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19
Q

What is a caisson?

A

Watertight container with an open bottom lowered to a waterbed to allow construction work.
Kept pressurised to prevent water getting in

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20
Q

Describe symptoms of caisson disease in order or appearence/ severity

A

Itching
The bends - joint adn back pain and hunched appearence
The chokes - Lung caps and capillaries - suddenly loads of gas given off in lung
The staggers - vestibular organ/ balance
The cerebral bends - vision, higher functions, speech (fatal)
Spinal cord - pins and needles, paralysis

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21
Q

Why does caisson disease occur?

A

Nitrogen partial pressure increases resulting in more nitrogen dissolved in the blood stream - approximately 1L per atm.
As ascend then microbubbbles form in blood stream - can block capillaries (embolise) or occupy space causing deformity e.g. bone
Can enduce a blood clot

Air embolism if lung tissue ruptures
Face mask squeeze - BVs
Blockage of Eustachian tube - prevents equalising and can cause haemorrhage and rupture of tympanic
Blockage of sinus opening - relative vaccum - haemorrage of sinus membrane and fain
Mediastinal and SC emphysema
Pneumothorax - expanding air pocket (keep mouth often on ascent) rupturing pleura

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22
Q

Why dont whales have the same problems?

A

Fully exhale - collapsible alveoli, and sturcutres (not trachea), decrease blood flow to lungs

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23
Q

How can caisson’s disease be prevented? how did knowledge of this come about?

A

Re-compression if possible to treat.
Decompression slowly - use charts.
Haldane 1906 found that halving pressure (doubling volume) was acceptable.
Navy decompression tables

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24
Q

Factors effecting time needed for decompression at set depth and time

A

% body fat - being female.

If flying soon.

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25
Q

Differences in the bends symptoms between free divers of the Tuamoto archipelago and Mangareva divers

A

Tuamoto - 6-14dives in 40mins with 2 min rest between
Mangareva - 10 mins between each dive
Less bends in Mangareva - successive dives can make worse

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26
Q

Why does air time remaining decrease with depth?

A

At higher pressuer so more needed to fill vol of lungs. Used quicker

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27
Q

How could caissons disease kill you underwater

A

Increase in density with depth - low vol of air so sink <7m if unconscious
also hyperventilation/ blackbout
BP and blackout

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28
Q

Why are people dehydrated from diving?

A

Pseudoraised BP - duiresis - augmented if cold. Pull out of cold water horizontally

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29
Q

Describe the effects of Nitrogen toxicity

A

30-40m confident, elated, happy
50-90 can lose consciousness
90m tests got confused, elated, loss of dext
People can adapt slightly

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30
Q

Describe O2 toxicity

A

Irritation of airways - fluid drawn to lung and capillaries bleed
safe below 0.5ata but most <3.5.
1ata for 24hrs cause resp symptoms
PP >2ata (90m) causes altered CNS properties function and can cause convulsions/ fit

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31
Q

how can high O2 pressures lead to CO2 buildup

A

People breath less and so O2 accumulates

Also higher affinity for Hb at higher pressures so less CO2 remove.

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32
Q

What is a saturation dive? What is a similar situation?

A

At time so that gases equilibriate

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33
Q

SCUBA diving unique risks

A

INcreased resistance due to viscosity so harder to breath
Heat loss from He
Anaesthetic effect of N
O2 toxicity
10l/min so low usage of O2 - lots of waste

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34
Q

Describe closed circuit breathing systems and limitation

A

CO2 scrubber/ absorber
All O2 used- O2 poisoning so cant go more than 7m
Less weight

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35
Q

Decribe different gas mixtures used at depth

A

<30m nitrogen
<200m-250 heliox
Then Trimix O2, N2 and He up to 500m

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36
Q

Describe CO2 toxicity at pressure

A 
1% = stuffy air
3-4% = breathless , headach
10% = drowsiness, confsion, headachesomolence, loss of conc

2% = safe limit at sea level
Soda lime scrubber

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37
Q

Describe the ‘THETIS’ disaster and explain

A

99 died and 4 survived a submarine disaster.
CO2 raised to 6% due to breathing
Increased pressure in escape chamber - caused LOC in 5 mins and loss of dexterity.
At 10ata - in similar experiment haldane passed out at 5%.

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38
Q

Problem and benefit from heliox

A

Less narvosis- stupor, dowsiness/ unconscuousness from N, He lighter so less viscous (2 vs 24)
6x more heat loss so cabins heated to 30C
Voice changes and psychological stress so voice changers used.
>200 - HPNS - high pressure neurological syndrome- nausea, vomiting, the shakes, dizziness, inattentiveness, somnolence, convulsions

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39
Q

Advantages of nonair mixtures

A

Less resistance - forestalls alveolar hypoventilation and arterial hypercapnia
Less flammable
LEss tox

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40
Q

Describe living at depth and decompression time

A 
4 days for 100m
10 days for 300m
Voice changes
Casulties into pressurised chamber
High air temp
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41
Q

Long term issues of repeated exposure to high pressure

A

bone degen
arthritis due to joint/ articular surface damage
None below 30
20% below 200m had some bone degen evidence
Hearing loss - bubbles and noisy suba system
Brain damage - patent FO

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42
Q

Sources of heat stress at altitude

A

Higher solar radiation and often heavy clothing

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43
Q

What happened when baloon went supposed 11000m

A

Went blind, couldnt lift arms, paralysed

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44
Q

Describe progressive isssues of hypoxia

A

Loss of light sensitivity and acutity -90%
Loss of attention
loss of stability and decrease in cognition at 80
Loss of pursuit tracking recall
loss of coding and reaction time 70

Also feel euphoric - death penalty

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45
Q

What happens if O2 is suddenly restored?

A

Tremors

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46
Q

What is a hyper/hypobaric chamber? What is it used for?

A

Hometically sealed box

Decompression training of military and aircrews - breach of fusilage

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47
Q

How many kg/cm3 is 1 bar

A

1

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48
Q

Difference between ata and atm

A

ata is atmospheres abcolute compared with vaccume

atm is a unit of pressure e.g. 3 ata at 20m = 2atm and 1atm of water and air

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49
Q

Definitions of high, very high and extreme altitude

What is the limit?

A

high 1500-3500m
very high 35-5500m
extreme >5500
5000 limit but some at 5800 in mexico

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50
Q

What affects major problems at altitude?

A

Rate of ascent - 24hrs per 300m above 3000
dehydration
Low carb
Vig execise avoid

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51
Q

Describe AMS, symptoms and prevalence

A

Acute mountain sickness
Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness, decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, euphoria.
Affect 40%
Neuropsychological effects often >3000m ithin 6-12 days
Peaks at 2-3days
Goes 4-5 (normally)

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52
Q

AMS treatment

A

Descend, O2, self limiting

Acetazolamide - carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (prophylactic too)

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53
Q

Describe HAPE, symptoms prevalence

A

High altitude pulmonary edema
relatively low O2 reaching lungs results in vasoconstriction of caps and a higher pressure in lung.
Forces fluid out resulting in oedema.
CAn cause cyanosis, dyspnea, fatigue, cough with frothy or blood tinged, chest pain, drowning, secondary drowning from inflam response
Children and adults higher risk.
Need evac
2% of ppl over 3000m

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54
Q

Describe HACE

A

high altitude cerebral edema.
hypoxia in brian triggers vasodilation and increased pressure in brain.
Can cause neuro symptoms e.g. cognitive decline, seve headache, fatigue, N/V, ataxia, coma, death, retinal haemorrhage
1% incidence
O2 and evac
>4500m deterioration may be coonsiderable but large variation

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55
Q

What is chronic mountain sickness

A

INcreased RBC, viscosity resulitng in cyanosis, headache, tinitus, dyspnoea, confusion, anorexia

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56
Q

Possible symptoms in extreme and very high altitude

A

Extreme - hallucinations above 7500m, cortical atrophy, memory retrival impaired, everest is 8,848m

57
Q

When does gradient to breath pure O2 go?

A

15000m ish

58
Q

When does blood boil and why?

A

18-19kmish - too low pressure of liquid is lower than environment

59
Q

Describe symptoms of decompression at different altitudes

A

7000m - LOC
4-5 = dizziness/ tingling
2 = altered night vision

60
Q

How can the body compensate for low arterial O2 acutely?

A

hyperventilation - lower CO2 and more O2 binding. INcreased Ventilation/ tidol vol above 1200. Triggered by chemoreceptors. Increases RR too. Resp alk - shifts hb curve left so higher saturation

Increased HR (even at rest) and increased CO

61
Q

Relationship between O2 consumpton and altitude for a given workload

A

INcreases with altitude

62
Q

How are muscular strength and endurance affected by acute exposure to altitude?

A

Not but neurophycological deerioratio effects motivation, concentration, reaction speed e.c.t

63
Q

Why did Mable Fitzgerald predict that humans can’t survive high levels of altitude?

A

Examined a linear decline in O2 and CO2 with altitude, assumed this would be too low to breath.
Hyperventilatory response in non linear however if O2 is too low

64
Q

When do people ascend everest and why

A

Spring and autumn
Pressure highest in summer but monsoon.
Even then they wait until high pressure before making final ascent

65
Q

How does altitude affect VO2 max.

What levels of VO2max are sustainable

A

Decreases linearly - 10% per 1000m above 1.5km
e.g. work at 50% sea level VO2 max becomes 70% at 4300m
50% sustainable for a long time
70% for 30-1hr

66
Q

Which groups experience the largest decreases in VO2max?

A

Male
Fittest
Non acclimatised
Large variation in reduction of VO2 max from 8% to 56%

67
Q

How does symp activity vary with altitude

A

INcreases - particularly circulating Na

68
Q

Long term adjustments to hypoxia - body as a whole

A

Decrease in max HR and SV, HR remains high. Decrease in CO - though to be due to increased viscosity and lower venous return/ filling pressure.

3-4days ventilation rate maxs out at 40% inproved

Increased RBCs 4-12% within 2 week (polycythemia)
Increases in EPO over few days but gradual fall to sea level con.

Decreased fluid vol so higher haematocrit
15% decrease at 2500m in first few weeks

Local changes

Synthesis of 2,3 DPG and BOhr effect however compensated by resp alk.

Reduced lean body fat mass

69
Q

What local long term adjustments occur in circ?

A

Improved local circulation (muscl capilliarisation) and cellular function e.g.
More mito
16% more myoglobin
Better extraction of O2/ difference in arterial and venous pO2
Increased mobilisation and use of FFA sparing muscle glycogen and increasing endurance time

70
Q

Time to acclimatisation long term. How quickly is this lost? Limit?

A

2 weeks to 2300m and and 1 week per 610 to 4600. lost in 2-3 weeks, cant acclimatise above 5000m

Results in VO2max and endurance (physical work capacity) improves with adequate time (generally 2-3 weeks to moderate altitude)
71
Q

Factors in Bohr effect pushing right?

A

low pH, Co2, 2,3 BPG, temp

72
Q

Why is there body mass loss?

A

Decreased apetite and tast
Decreased fluid intake
Increase fluid loss - sweat, resp and urine
Neg nitrogen balance so .5-1kg of muscle loss per week >5000m
Altered intestinal absorption
Increased energy expenditure

73
Q

How does altitude effect maximal exercise capacity?

A

Decreases - longer the distance the more the decrease.

Can improve anaerobic as less resistnace and gravity.

74
Q

Can altitude training help prepere for a competition? Level of evidence?

A

Yes if comp at altitude
Unclear if at sea level
Anecdotal from coaches and athletes

75
Q

Why is their unclear evidence in the effect of altitude on training for comp?

A

lack of controlls
differences in training/ duration
Differences in baseline fitness levels
Different elevations

76
Q

Why may intermittent exposure to alitutde be better to train in?

A

Intermittent in chamber may help as still get beneficial adaptations e.g. substrate use, capillirisation, hb and can maintain intensity and duration outside without neg effects of BV, muscle loss, max HR decrease

77
Q

Who may benefit the most from training at altitude?

A

Plateued athmetes

78
Q

What altitude is not worth training in over?

A

3000m due to prolonged hypoxia outweighing e.g. muscle loss

79
Q

Potential altitude training issues?

A

Muscle loss
Reduced max CO
Reduced intensity and duration

80
Q

When can start exercising at altitude?

A

restircted at first but increase within 2 weeks and maximal 3-4
Minimise execersice-induce EPO decrease

81
Q

Different methods of training at altitude

A

In chamber
Hypoxic tent
Air/gas mixture - impracticle and expensive
NItrogen appartments
Variation in altitudes 2-2.3km for O2 transport and sat benefit max.
LH TL
LL TH
IHE/T - intermittent hypoxic exposure/ training

82
Q

What other things are needed to optimise training at altitude

A

Diet
Vit C, VIt E, Iron 2-3 weeks before and after 2-4 weeks
Monitor calories and fluid inflake

83
Q

What is G force?

A 
Measure of acceloration
Either linear (constant direction) or radial (constant speed but changing direction
84
Q

What is the acceleration on Earth

A

1G - (9.81m/s/)s, change in speed per second

85
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

Speed at which there is no more accelration as g force is balanced by air resistance
=200km/h in humans.
Linked to SA

86
Q

Describe situations and the G force experiences

A

1g earth
-1g on head
1.3g airline cruiser turning
4+ fairground rides
+8 military aircraft with cockpit on inside, negative if on outside
25g ejection seat -
Military must be trained for 7g for 16 seconds in US - can train for this

87
Q

Symptoms experienced with progressive G force

A

2g heavy sagging face
3g standing impossible
+4.5 no sight but hearing and thinking ok
+8g cant raise arms or legs
+12g GLOC or ALOC, convulsions (or when coming back down

88
Q

Physiological problems of high G force

A

Heart strain - 8x harder to push blood upwards at 8g
Harder to perfuse top of lungs
More pronounce in taller individuals

89
Q

Counter measures to combating declining G force

A

horizontal seats - 30deg adds 1g to tolerance
80deg adds 15 but harder to see
Brething and straigning exercises to aid venous return
Anti gravity trousers - provide compression
Libelle G-suit - dont need external system can adjust accordingly

90
Q

Optical illusion and g force

A

acceleration - feeling of rising so compensate and crash

decceleration - felling of falling forwards

91
Q

Issues with negative g

A

Blood to head - caps in eyes bulde and burst (redout)

92
Q

In space, when is force highest?

A

Entering orbit as weight of ship is less after lost rockets
Emergency escape systems (Soyuz 1983) - 17g
Military ejection seat 25g - now slower as use rockets

93
Q

Problems causes by vibration of space craft

A 
Discomfort
Reduced manual task performance
nausea
Hypervetilation - body resonating - can amplify resonations
Physical collapse
94
Q

Describe how orbit works and how high usually

A

Gravity pulling spacecraft downwards.
Forward momentum
Parabola trajectory.
At right speed trajectory follows curvature of Earth

95
Q

Effect of microgravity on hydrostatic gradient and effects

A

Increase in pressure of upperbody - 2L of blood towards upper body
Face puffy, showing veins, sinuses swell (cold like), taste and smell minimised.
Compensated for - whole body at lower pressure.
Lower vol coupled with return to early and hydrostatic gradient causes hypotension of uperbody

96
Q

Describe and explain what happens to RBCs in microgravity

A

Decrease over time up to 30days as less resistance to blood flow ad improved delivery, improved perfusion to kidney due to higher perfusion. Less EPO, lower production and destruction before leaving bone marrow

97
Q

Effects of microgravity on Plasma vol - effects on haematocrit with time

A 
Decreases over 84days
Haemocrit falls (with RBC) then stats to increase again around 30 days.
Fluid quickly replaced on return
98
Q

microgravity effects on CVS

A

Orthostatically stressed- increase in HR as BV decreases, even at same BV HR is increased
Smaller heart from flid loss
Altered function, size and microvasculature

99
Q

Effects of microgravity on height and posture

A

2cm increase in stature
Posture - joints return to midpoint of movement - crouching apearence
Slight bending backwards after returning to Earth

100
Q

Effects of microgravity on muscl mass, force and bone mass. Prevention? Complications?

A 
Loss of 1% bone mass per month in space. 10 months = 30-70yrs.
Concentric strength 20-50% reduction
Eccentric up to 14%
Less with exercise.
Cause kidney stones from increased Ca.
101
Q

Effects of gravity on balance/ postural control? Where are the imputs from

A

Normally
Acceleration linear and gravity - otholith
angular acceleration - semicircular canals.
visual
proprioception
tactile.

More on visual

102
Q

Imputs into balance feel into what? results?

A

Posture
Eye and head moements allowing clear vision with movement
Sense of spatial orientation
Sensory conflict signals cause motio sickness.

This potentiates cooling (vasodillation) and reduces G tolerance by .5g and decreases arterial pressure

103
Q

Describe the effects of space sickness and prevalence and complications and triggers

A

very hard to predict
May block breathing tubes
Often in early stages e.g. launch
Visual cues

Loss of appetite, irritable, loss of motivation, fatigue, sudden vomiting - often resolves after 2-3 days in space

104
Q

How can we assimilate weightlessness

A

Underwater space suit testing
Bed rest studies - same effect on muscle and bone
Parabolic flights with maneuver from 45 deg to 45 deg in 25 seconds at high speed causes transient very low gravity

105
Q

Countermeasures to microgravity

A

Diet - Ca risk of kidney stones vs bone loss

CVS
Replace fluid and electrolytes
Exercise with straps (and for MSK)
Low body negative pressure e.g. drum with stiff seal

Neuovestib
Promethazin - sickness
Adaptation trainers/ chairs

106
Q

Readapation back on earth timeline and problems

A

CVS - stucture, function and microvasc completely reversible in 4 weeks but clinical probs intitally
RBCs - normal around 3 weeks

Lean body mass after 3 weeks

Fluids and electrolytes relove in 1 week, cause clnical probs initially
Nerurovestib causees probles but resolve in 1 week

107
Q

Other issues of space travel

A

Radiation issue - cosmic
Temperature of EVA - 200C difference if in sun or not
O2 toxicity
Decompression sickness - suit at 1/3 ata so can more easier in vaccume so less stiff
Food waste and water
Return to earth

108
Q

What are the primary pollutants?

A 
CO
NO2
Particulates - microscopic solid or liquid matter suspenses in the Earth's atmosphere
Sulphur oxides
Hydrocarbons
109
Q

What are the secondary pollutants

A

Ozone - when low, chemical smoke +radiatio
Aldehyde
PAN - Peroxy-acetyl nitrate
Sulfuric acid SO with liquid

110
Q

Describe the composition of air

A 
Nitrogen 78.1%
O2 20.9
Argon 0.9
CO2 0.00375
Neon
Helium
Methane
Krypton
Hydrogen 
Nitrous oxide
Xenon
111
Q

Units of pollution conc

A

1% = 10,000 ppm

another is ug/m3 but need molecular weight for this

112
Q

Short term effects on the body of pollution

A

Respiratory irritation.
Smaller less soluble particles travel to lungs.
Bronchoconstriction - increases airway resistance and decreases exercice capcity
Large SA
decrease transport capacity - reduced alveolar diffusion capacity
More with bouth breathing as less filtering
Larger more soluble pollutants get filtered
Eye and skin irritation by PAN/ aldehydes

113
Q

How is dose calculated? Other factors that affect this

A

conc x exposure time x ventilation (l/min normally 5-8)

Doesnt account for humidity, temp or route of inspiration

114
Q

What affects the levels of outdoor pollution?

A 
Season
City/ pop density
Industrial area
humidity and temp - photchemical smog -O3 smoke and high humidity and sulfuric acif - low temp high humid
Geographical location e.g. vally/ wind
115
Q

What is thermal inversion

A

Normally air on ground warmed so pollutants rise.
If warm air is above cool air then polluted air cant rise e.g. blown over mountain
Particularly H2SO4/ SO4

116
Q

Sources of CO

A

Incomplete combustion - boilers, cars and burning fossil fuels, cigarrettes, indoor events with gas powered equipment

117
Q

Effects of CO

A

Biggest killer out of pollutants
High affinity to Hb 200-230x higher than O2
Decreases transport capacity (less O2 bound)
Less O2 to brain
In higher concs >20% causes left shift and less O2 transport
Reduction in work performance - VO2max decreases above 4.3% linearly

CO, HR compensate at submaximal levels<20%
Often reaches 5% in traffic
>6% arrythmias have been observed in exercise.
decrease exercise time to onset of angina in CHD at >2%.

118
Q

dangerous concentrations of CO and symptoms % HbCO in blood

A

2.5-3% only a prob in CHD - long term more Hb
4-6% - visual impairment, vigilance decrement, decrease in maximal work capcity
10-20% Headache, lassitude-weariness, dilation of BVs, coordination problemas
20-30% Severe heache nause
30-40% Muscular performance decrease, N/V, dimness of vision
50-60% Syncope, coma, convulsions
60-70% depressed CVS/ resp funtion, coma, (fatal), permanent defect
70-80% resp failure and death

119
Q

Baseline CO in smokers and non smokers

A

4% smokers
3% non smokers
Non additive effect

120
Q

Effect of sulfur oxides and susceptible individuals

A

99.9% in upper resp tract - can cause irritation
Asthmatics and athletes - increased delivery/ bronchoconstriction and reduction in maximal exercise capacity.
Normal values in air less than when effects occur (normally >3ppm)
Normally not a roblem
May affect submax pulmonary function at 1-3ppm.
ACId rain problem in london and astham - low quality coal.

121
Q

Sources of sulfur oxides/ NOs

A

fuel burning

Volcanoes

122
Q

Effect of NOs

A

Strong odour
200-4000ppm death in chemical accidents
<50% VO2 max 1-2ppm no effect which is rarely ecceeded
0.2ppm no effect

123
Q

Ozone sources

A

O3 from photochemical smog and UV or from welders (electrical arcs) especially with poor ventilation/ extraction
Rises with sunlight and traffic daily

124
Q

Effects of O3

A

Respiratory damage
MM of RT
Throat irritation, cough, nausea, inability to take a deep breath, substernal pain, headaches

Desensitisation with repeated exposure

125
Q

Susceptibility to O3

A

Athmatics - cold air, welders

126
Q

Dangerous levels of O3

A

9ppm = ozone poisoning
Adverse at 0.08ppm for 8hrs or 0.12ppm for 1 hour
Seen in some cities
.3-.45 at submax can affect pulmonary function and discomfort
.2-.3ppm limits maximal performace
50ppm for 30mins lethal

127
Q

Describe types of particulates and effect

A 
SO4 - most common, minimal effect unless prolonged
NOs - not much effect
Sat and unsat aldehydes minimal effect.
Mostly resp
Penetration depends on size
>5um coughing sneezing, ciliary action
3-5um in URT - bronchial inflammation, congestion or ulceration
<3um alvoli
Nose- mouth breathing important
128
Q

Describe PAN formation and concs and effects

A

Formed by NOX and organic compounds
0.27ppm - eye irritation but no effect on maximal exercise
Normally <0.1ppm in atmosphere
Indoor could be diff

129
Q

Describe indoor pollution sources

A

From outside
Buildg ventilation
Building location e.g. near city, landfill, radon, materials -aldehyde/ volatile organic compounds from building materials.
gas burners at sporting events
Tobacco smoke
Formaldehyde from particle boards particularly in new builds

130
Q

Describe types of interactions between different pollutants

A

Additive - 2 individually are the same as the sum of both effects
Synergistic - 2 are worse together than aum of individualeffect indvidually
Nullifying - effect is less than the sum of both

131
Q

Example of additive pollutants

A 
CO and PAN
SO2 and NO2
O3 and SO2
Pollutant, heat and altitude e.g.
Low humidity and O3 - due to dry airways
High humidity and SO2/No2 - moulds?
So2/CO in altitude in tent as more incomplete combustion - effect O2 transport (smokers less effected)
132
Q

Effect of heat/ humidifiers on air quality and good indoor humidity level

A

INcrease bacterial growth in humid/ hot.

Poor quality ventilators may circulate - spread allergens

133
Q

Examples of synergistic

A

SO4 and cold air on bronchoconstriction

134
Q

Examples of nullifying interactions

A

N, O and hyperbaric conditions

135
Q

Prevention of effects of pollution

A

Avoidance
O3 in summer
CO in winter/ rushhour

Forcasting pollution standards index (EPA) or meterological agencies

Buildings

  • air intake
  • materials
  • ventilation
  • clean aircon systems
  • low dust floor coverings
136
Q

Describe the EPA

A

Assumes no synergy
100 PSI (pollutions atndard index 0-500
Acute effects only

137
Q

Describe EPA limits for CO, Ozone, NO2, SO2, particulates <2.5um
Particulates <10

A

CO
8hr - 9ppm
1hr - 35ppm

SO4
AAM 80ug/m3
24hr 365ug/m3

O3
8hr - 0.08ppm
1hr - 0.12ppm

NO2
AAM - 0.053ppm

Particulates <2.5
AAM 15ug/m3
24hr
65ug/mg

<10um
AAM 50ug/m3
24hr 150

138
Q

Describe EPA PSI values

A

<50 good
51-100 moderate - few or no effects for the general pop
101-200 unhealthful - mild aggrevation of symptoms among susceptible people, irritation in healthy. With disease then reduce MVPA outside
201-300 Very unhealthful - sig aggrevation of symptoms and decreased exercise tolerance with lung/heart disease. Gen pop avoid MVPA outside
>300 = hazardous- early onset of certain diseases and decreased exercise tolerance in healthy ppl
>400 premature death of ill/ elderly, everybody remain indoors and minimise exertion

Sports Science Y3 S1 (5 decks)

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