phys exam 2 Flashcards
Chemoreceptors
detect change in chemical composition
found in skin?
Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors (aka Mechanoreceptors)
respond to touch and pressure
found in skin?
Nociceptors
respond to potentially harmful stimuli such as pain
found in skin?
Proprioceptors
relay information about muscle length and tension
found in muscle, tendons, and joints
Thermoreceptors
detect sensation of warmth and cold
found in skin?
think THERMOrectpors = THERMOstat
Photoreceptors
rods & cones in retina that respond to light
found in eye (rods & cones)
thinks PHOTO –> flashing of lights
Four types of Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors
- Meissener Corpuscles
- Merkel cells
- Ruffini Corpuscles
- Pacinian Corpuscles
Meissener Corpuscle
- epidermis of glabrous
- responds to slow vibrations
reminds me of MESSI like soccer…its the opposite of messi…
Merkel Cells
- epidermis of galbrous
- responds to pressure and touch
reminds me of steve urkel… idk hes the type to be touchy and huggy
Ruffini Corpuscles
- deep (dermis)
- responds to stretch & fluttering vibration
rounds like italian noodle like long STRETCHYy noodle FLUTTERING around like a spaghetti LOL
Pacinian Corpuscle
- deep (dermis)
- largest mechanoreceptor
- responds to fast vibration & deep pressure
PACman… don’t want to get too DEEP (just remember vibration) into the game and want to go FAST enough to win
Four types of nociceptors
- Mechanical nociceptors
- Thermal nociceptors
- Chemically sensitive nociceptors
- Polymodal nociceptors
Mechanical nociceptors
respond to strong pressure
Thermal nociceptors
activated by extreme temperatures
Chemically sensitive nociceptors
respond to chemicals such as bradykinin, histamine, high acidity, and environmental irritants
sense chemical fluctuations in body
Polymodal nociceptors
respond to combination of all stimuli
Cold receptors
sense cold temps that are not harmful for body (innocuous cold)
Warm receptors
send heat/hot temps that are not harmful for body (innocuous heat)
How is the definition of pain different from nociception?
Pain is subjective/emotional while nociception is perceived in a structure.
Pain
- “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described int terms or such damage”
- not pleasant, emotional response, pain = subjective
Nociception
- not conscious, harmful stimulus
- structure change in body
First pain
- aka fast pain
- rapid response (rapid bc comes FIRST)
- mediates discriminative aspect of pain or the ability to localize site and intensity of noxious stimulus
Second pain
- aka slow pain
- second pain is the response of activation of C fibers and glutamate. (C fibers + glutamate = second pain)
- dull, intense, diffuse, and unpleasant feeling associated with noxious stimulus
Pruritus (itch)
- related to pain sensation
- severe itching can be difficult to treat in diseases like kidney disease, forms of liver disease, atopic dermatitis, and HIV infections.
Acute pain (physiologic)
- aka “good pain”
- typically has sudden onset and reduced during healing process
- body letting you know something is wrong
- physiological response in body, specific description of injury
Chronic pain (pathologic)
- aka “bad pain”
- last longer after recovery from injury and is often refractory to common analgesic agents (NSAIDS)
- same pain as acute but its staying longer.. overtime
- less pain but persistent
Hyperalgesia
- exaggerated response to a noxious (unpleasant) stimulus
Allodynia
- sensation of pain in response to a normally innocuous (not harmful) stimulus
Deep/somatic pain
- muskloskeletal
Visceral pain
- vague, can’t pinpoint
Referred pain
referred pain from internal organ
ex: MI –> in the heart but pain can be in left part of face or left arm/shoulder
Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal Pathway
- touch, vibratory sense, and proprioception
- want to be careful with patients, don’t use passage gun.. sensitive to touch ask before use or do not use
Ventrolateral spinothalamic pathway
- pain & temperature
- be careful with heat/ice, etc bc they may not be able to feel
Brown Sequard Syndrome
- lesion on spinal cord
- weakness on one side of body and total loss of sensation on opposite side
What neural pathways are impaired in Brown Sequard Syndrome?
ipsilateral upper motor neuron
Why would one with Brown Sequard Syndrome have burning sensation on contralateral side of injury?
What neuropathway is involved leading to this?
ventra lateral spinothalamic
Which neuropathway is injured that leads to ipsilateral impairments?
Dorsal
Which of the following S&S could be present in individuals with hypokalemia?
A. Cardiac arrhythmia
B. Depression
C. Muscle pain
D. Nausea
B. depression
A patient describes his pain as being “deep.” Which of the following structures could be involved?
A. Ligaments & organs
B. Muscles & ligaments
C. Muscles & organs
D. Tendons & organs
B. Muscles & Ligaments
