phys exam 2

Question 1

Chemoreceptors

Answer 1

detect change in chemical composition
found in skin?

Question 2

Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors (aka Mechanoreceptors)

Answer 2

respond to touch and pressure
found in skin?

Question 3

Nociceptors

Answer 3

respond to potentially harmful stimuli such as pain
found in skin?

Question 4

Proprioceptors

Answer 4

relay information about muscle length and tension
found in muscle, tendons, and joints

Question 5

Thermoreceptors

Answer 5

detect sensation of warmth and cold
found in skin?
think THERMOrectpors = THERMOstat

Question 6

Photoreceptors

Answer 6

rods & cones in retina that respond to light
found in eye (rods & cones)
thinks PHOTO –> flashing of lights

Question 7

Four types of Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors

Answer 7

1. Meissener Corpuscles
2. Merkel cells
3. Ruffini Corpuscles
4. Pacinian Corpuscles

Question 8

Meissener Corpuscle

Answer 8

• epidermis of glabrous
• responds to slow vibrations

reminds me of MESSI like soccer…its the opposite of messi…

Question 9

Merkel Cells

Answer 9

• epidermis of galbrous
• responds to pressure and touch

reminds me of steve urkel… idk hes the type to be touchy and huggy

Question 10

Ruffini Corpuscles

Answer 10

• deep (dermis)
• responds to stretch & fluttering vibration

rounds like italian noodle like long STRETCHYy noodle FLUTTERING around like a spaghetti LOL

Question 11

Pacinian Corpuscle

Answer 11

• deep (dermis)
• largest mechanoreceptor
• responds to fast vibration & deep pressure

PACman… don’t want to get too DEEP (just remember vibration) into the game and want to go FAST enough to win

Question 12

Four types of nociceptors

Answer 12

1. Mechanical nociceptors
2. Thermal nociceptors
3. Chemically sensitive nociceptors
4. Polymodal nociceptors

Question 13

Mechanical nociceptors

Answer 13

respond to strong pressure

Question 14

Thermal nociceptors

Answer 14

activated by extreme temperatures

Question 15

Chemically sensitive nociceptors

Answer 15

respond to chemicals such as bradykinin, histamine, high acidity, and environmental irritants
sense chemical fluctuations in body

Question 16

Polymodal nociceptors

Answer 16

respond to combination of all stimuli

Question 17

Cold receptors

Answer 17

sense cold temps that are not harmful for body (innocuous cold)

Question 18

Warm receptors

Answer 18

send heat/hot temps that are not harmful for body (innocuous heat)

Question 19

How is the definition of pain different from nociception?

Answer 19

Pain is subjective/emotional while nociception is perceived in a structure.

Question 20

Pain

Answer 20

• “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described int terms or such damage”
• not pleasant, emotional response, pain = subjective

Question 21

Nociception

Answer 21

• not conscious, harmful stimulus
• structure change in body

Question 22

First pain

Answer 22

• aka fast pain
• rapid response (rapid bc comes FIRST)
• mediates discriminative aspect of pain or the ability to localize site and intensity of noxious stimulus

Question 23

Second pain

Answer 23

• aka slow pain
• second pain is the response of activation of C fibers and glutamate. (C fibers + glutamate = second pain)
• dull, intense, diffuse, and unpleasant feeling associated with noxious stimulus

Question 24

Pruritus (itch)

Answer 24

• related to pain sensation
• severe itching can be difficult to treat in diseases like kidney disease, forms of liver disease, atopic dermatitis, and HIV infections.

Question 25

Acute pain (physiologic)

Answer 25

- aka "good pain" - typically has sudden onset and reduced during healing process - body letting you know something is wrong - physiological response in body, specific description of injury

Question 26

Chronic pain (pathologic)

Answer 26

- aka "bad pain" - last longer after recovery from injury and is often refractory to common analgesic agents (NSAIDS) - same pain as acute but its staying longer.. overtime - less pain but persistent

Question 27

Hyperalgesia

Answer 27

- exaggerated response to a noxious (unpleasant) stimulus

Question 28

Allodynia

Answer 28

- sensation of pain in response to a normally innocuous (not harmful) stimulus

Question 29

Deep/somatic pain

Answer 29

- muskloskeletal

Question 30

Visceral pain

Answer 30

- vague, can't pinpoint

Question 31

Referred pain

Answer 31

referred pain from internal organ ex: MI --> in the heart but pain can be in left part of face or left arm/shoulder

Question 32

Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal Pathway

Answer 32

- touch, vibratory sense, and proprioception - want to be careful with patients, don't use passage gun.. sensitive to touch ask before use or do not use

Question 33

Ventrolateral spinothalamic pathway

Answer 33

- pain & temperature - be careful with heat/ice, etc bc they may not be able to feel

Question 34

Brown Sequard Syndrome

Answer 34

- lesion on spinal cord - weakness on one side of body and total loss of sensation on opposite side

Question 35

What neural pathways are impaired in Brown Sequard Syndrome?

Answer 35

ipsilateral upper motor neuron

Question 36

Why would one with Brown Sequard Syndrome have burning sensation on contralateral side of injury? What neuropathway is involved leading to this?

Answer 36

ventra lateral spinothalamic

Question 37

Which neuropathway is injured that leads to ipsilateral impairments?

Answer 37

Dorsal

Question 38

Which of the following S&S could be present in individuals with hypokalemia? A. Cardiac arrhythmia B. Depression C. Muscle pain D. Nausea

Answer 38

B. depression

Question 39

A patient describes his pain as being “deep.” Which of the following structures could be involved? A. Ligaments & organs B. Muscles & ligaments C. Muscles & organs D. Tendons & organs

Answer 39

B. Muscles & Ligaments