phys exam 1 Flashcards
Facilitated diffusion refers to the process of
A. movement along a concentration gradient assisted by protein carrier
molecules.
B. movement of ions and molecules along a concentration gradient.
C. transport of molecules and ions against their concentration gradient.
D. water movement through a semi-permeable membrane
A. movement along a concentration gradient assisted by protein carrier
molecules.
Facilitated Diffusion = The movement of molecules across the membrane with the help of transport proteins, without the expenditure of energy. (Sodium-potassium pump)
Active transport across the plasma membrane may be described by which statement?
A. active transport requires energy from ATP.
B. active transport is also known as endocytosis.
C. active transport moves molecules along their concentration gradient.
D. active transport is the movement of lipid-soluble molecules through the
plasma membrane.
A. active transport requires energy from ATP.
Active transport: The movement of molecules across the membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (usually in the form of ATP) and transport proteins.
The process of “active transport” through a membrane may be described by which of the following?
A. the movement of ions and small molecules away from regions where they
are in high concentration.
B. the use of energy from ATP to move ions and small molecules into regions
where they are in lower concentration.
C. the plasma membrane engulfs the substance and moves it through the
membrane.
D. the use of energy from ATP to move ions and small molecules against their
concentration gradient.
Answer is D: energy (ATP) is required to force molecules against their concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion differs from active transport because facilitated diffusion:
A. requires energy from ATP
B. moves molecules from where they are in lower concentration to higher
concentration
C. moves molecules from where they are in higher concentration to lower
concentration.
D. involves ions & molecules that pass through membrane channels.
Answer is C: diffusion always refers to movement from high to low concentration (without energy expenditure). Facilitated refers to the assistance provided
by a transport molecule that is designed for the purpose.
What is the source of the majority of the energy needed by muscles for physical
activity that continues for longer than 30 or 40 minutes?
A. ATP stored in muscle fi bres.
B. glycolysis of glucose in the cell cytoplasm
C. ATP produced from creatine phosphate stored in muscle fibers
D. aerobic respiration of pyruvic acid in mitochondria
Answer is D: Choice A lasts for a few seconds only. Choice B can provide
energy for a couple of minutes. Choice C can provide energy for vigorous
activity lasting about 15 seconds.
Which form of transport through the plasma membrane requires the expenditure of energy by the cell?
A. Facilitated diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Diffusion
Answer is C: The term “active” implies using energy (in the form of ATP) to
move a molecule against its concentration gradient, while the other processes
are all passive.
Most of the water in the human body is found in
A. the intracellular fluid compartment
B. the interstitial fluid compartment
C. the plasma compartment
D. the total extracellular fluid compartment
Answer: A. intracellular fluid compartment
Which of the following is one of the four basic cell types in the body?
A. integumentary
B. respiratory
C. immune
D. epithelial
D. Epithelial
Four basic cell types: Muscle, Nervous tissue cells, Epithelial, Connective
An individual comes into the outpatient clinic complaining of pain in their lower leg on the front part of the calf. The say they fell yesterday and it is very painful. What signs of inflammation and injury would you expect to see on the front part of the calf?
A. pain, blue color, could to touch
B. tissue warmth, blue color, swelling
C. tissue warm, redness, swelling
D. scab formation, pale color
Answer: C. Tissue warmth, redness, swelling
Based on what you know about covid virus, what was the first line of defense against the virus?
A. epithelial barrier at the skin on the hands … virus couldn’t enter via skin
B. nasal and oral passageways have hair and mucus to prevent virus and infection
C. destruction of the virus in the lung tissue by phagocytosis
D. the innate immune system in the lungs and the blood stream
Answer: B. nasal and oral passageways have hair and mucus to prevent virus and infection
Define the part of the statement that is INCORRECT.
Circulating neutrophils move out of blood and enter inflamed area and adhere to cell wall of the virus or bacteria which they then moves to the intracellular plasma by way of squeezing through the plasma cell walls … and then they start phagocytosis. Phagocytes release antimicrobial substances which act as inflammatory mediators to bring in more phagocytes.
A. Adhere to endothelial wall which they then move to the interstitium
by way of squeezing through the endothelial cells
B. adhere to red blood cell wall which they then move to the interstitium
by way of squeezing through the plasma cell walls
C. Phagocytes release leukocytes which stick to the endothelial wall and cause vasodilation
D. phagocytes release cytokines which cause vasodilation of the blood vessels
The transport of glucose into the muscle cell to be utilized for energy is an example of
A. secondary active transport
B. primary active transport
C. passive diffusion
D. facilitated diffusion
Answer: D. facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion = molecule goes from higher to lower concentration; transport of glucose acrosse plasma membrane
Your patient is an athlete who reports they may have overdone their exercising yesterday and their anterior thigh feels tight and swollen, and they have some trouble straightening out their knee. They want to know if they can still do the 5k run they are scheduled for the next day. Based on the timeline of healing your answer would be…
A. No … muscle injury of the quad tendon would take 3-4 weeks for healing
B. Possibly, the healing time of injury would without bleeding should be no more than 24 hours
C. NO! tissue healing of would and muscle take up to 2 days if exercise induced
D. Sure. the inflammatory response is only hours so they should be good to go tomorrow
When looking at a chart and identifying an individuals blood gases one will see the following:
pH____
pCO2____
pO2____
HCO3____
We have mentioned homeostasis and that the body requires a normal pH for normal functioning. What would be a normal pH and what are the two mechanisms that exist for buffering?
A. A normal pH is where the value is 7.3 and both the pO2 and the pCO2 are important for buffering
B. pH should be 7.35 - 7.45: respiratory system and kidneys function to buffer
C. A normal pH is between 7.30 and 7.40 and the kidneys and respiratory systems are the buffering systems
D. A normal pH is between 7.30 and 7.40 and the kidneys function as the only buffering system
What could be a potential effect of an abnormal electrolyte level in the blood stream?
A. Elevated Na+ causes fluid retention and heart failure
B. A low Na+ causes fluid retention and heart failure
C. A low K+ often occurs due to dehydration and can be found in the elderly who live in nursing homes
D. a low K+ or elevated K+ could cause arrhythmias and cardiac muscle contractility issues
Answer: D. a low K+ or elevated K+ could cause arrhythmias and cardiac muscle contractility issues
Determine which is correct regarding first and second levels of defense at the body surfaces.
A. phagocytosis in the first level, second level is immune response with B cells
B. stomach acid in stomach is first level of defense, release of chemicals to fight bacteria of virus and phagocytosis is second level
C. Skin glands and saliva secrete lysozyme which kills bacterial cell wall, second level is full immune system response
D. adaptive response by immune system is first level, vaccines are second level
Answer: Stomach acid in stomach is first level of defense, release of chemicals to fight bacteria or virus and phagocytosis is second level
What is a disease where muscle and adipose tissue cannot transport glucose across their membranes?
Diabetes
What are high energy phosphates?
A. ATP and creatine phosphate
B. NAD+, NADH+, and ATP
C. pyruvate
D. Actetyl CoA
Answer: A. ATP and creatine phosphate
Describe the interaction of anaerobic versus aerobic ATP production during exercise.
A. When an individual starts to exercise they rely solely on anaerobic metabolism, whereas aerobic metabolism doesn’t start until the anaerobic stores are used up
B. When an individual is increasing their workload, such as up a hill, the anaerobic metabolism shuts down
C. when an individual is running up a hill the anaerobic system kicks in to supply additional energy for the aerobic system
D. When an individual starts to exercise the aerobic system starts right away but is not able to supply sufficient energy solely for the exercise until 2-3 minutes into the exercise, so anaerobic metabolism is the primary energy source
Answer: C. when an individual is running up a hill the anaerobic system kicks in to supply additional energy for the aerobic system
What is the rate limiting enzyme for the citric acid cycle?
A. pyruvate
B. malate
C. oxaloacetic acid
D. ATP
Answer: C. oxaloacetic acid
An individual who is hospitalized rolls in bed, gets up over side of bed and stands. Describe the energy systems utilized to achieve this activity in order of when they are utilized if it took 2 minutes to achieve standing.
A. ATP and creatine phosphate, Kreb cycle only
B. ATP and creatine phosphate, glycolysis, Kreb cycle has started to function
C. Kreb cycle, glycolysis, ATP and creatine phosphate
D. glycolysis only if 2 minutes
Answer: B. ATP and creatine phosphate, glycolysis, Kreb cycle has started to function
What does it mean that fats burn in the carbohydrate flame?
A. When Carbohydrates are broken down and are used outside of the muscle cell for energy, fats can start to be utilized for energy production
B. Fats are utilized for energy when there is heat produced from the carbohydrate use
C. Fats can only be used for energy if carbohydrates are present and utilized through the Kreb cycle
D.Carbohydrates produce energy but when they no longer exist because they have been fully utilized to make energy then you start to utilize fats for energy
Answer: C. Fats can only be used for energy if carbohydrates are present and utilized through the Kreb cycle
Explain the interplay between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism when performing exercise.
An individual is lifting weights, reps of 10 and then rest, in the major muscle groups. Then, the individual gets on the bike, starts exercising and works at a moderate level
A. bike: Kreb cycle and beta oxidation; weights: Kreb cycle and ATP and creatinine breakdown
B. ATP and creatine phosphate and glycolysis with weights (anaerobic) and glycolysis to kreb cycle with beta oxidation on bike (aerobic)
C. glycolysis for weights; glycolysis and kreb cycle for bike
D. individual is working anaerobic to aerobic while performing weights; aerobic while on bike
Answer: ATP and creatine phosphate and glycolysis with weights (anaerobic) and glycolysis to kreb cycle with beta oxidation on bike (aerobic)
identify which is NOT an effect of opiates on the digestive system
A. increased motility through the small intestine
B. incomplete relaxation of the anal sphincter
C. constipation
D. heartburn and acid refluc
Answer: A. increased motility through the small intestine
The most common causes of acid reflux problems are…
A. H pylori bacteria and increased mucus production similar to that found in cystic fibrosis
B. taking NSAIDS or other medications on an empty stomach, and the use of antibiotics
C. taking NSAIDS or other medications on an empty stomach (no food prior to ingestion) and H pylori bacteria
D. H pylori bacteria and increased use of antibiotics
Answer: C. taking NSAIDS or other medications on an empty stomach (no food prior to ingestion) and H pylori bacteria
Identify which is NOT a cause of swallowing dysfunction …
A. Increased hydrochloric acid in stomach from sympathetic stimulation
B. cranial nerve damage or CVA
C. myasthenia gravis or similar muscle diseases
D. anesthesia or other sedating medications
Answer: A. Increased hydrochloric acid in stomach from sympathetic stimulation
What are 3 types of passive transports?
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
DO NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
Characteristics of simple diffusion
Not carrier mediated, occurs down an electrochemical gradient, does NOT require energy
Facilitated diffusion
- does not require ATP
- from high to low concentration using transporter (carrier protein)
Characteristics of primary active transport
- utilizes energy in form of ATP to transport molecules across membrane against concentration gradient
- Na+/K+ pump: movement of potassium ions in and sodium out using plasma membrane
Characteristic of secondary active transport
- transport of 2 or more solute is couples, 1 of the solutes is transported “downhill” and provides energy for the “uphill” transport of the other solute, requires energy indirectly
Osmosis
flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from a solution with low solute concentration to a high concentration
Tonicity
Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic
hypotonic
water enters cell
osmolarity of a cell is lower causing cell to swell
hypertonic
water leaves cell
osmolarity of a cell is higher cause cell to shrink
isotonic
solute and solvent are equally distributed
osmolarity of a solution is equal to ICF and volume is the same
Oxidative/beta oxidation (aerobic system): formation of ATP from the breakdown of what??
fatty acids using o2 in mitochondria
What is the end result of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
What does 2 pyruvate + O2 produce?
ACh
What does 2 pyruvate with NO O2 produce?
lactate and heat
Primary substances of oxidative system
carbs and fats
cori cycle
- prevents lactic acid build up
- liver -> lactate -> pyruvate -> turned into glucose -> stored as glycogen
Duration of ATP-PCr
10-15 seconds
Duration fo anaerobic glycolyis
~ 2-5 minutes
Duration of aerobic glycolysis
10-15 minutes and more
Explain aerobic metabolism (beta oxidation)
need carbs -> breakdown fatty acid -> ACh (beta oxidation) -> pyruvate/pyruvic acid (comes from glycolysis)
OCCURS IN MITOCHONDRIA
Krebs Cycle/ Citric Cycle
- 2 pyruvate + O2 = ACh (comes from glycolysis which leads to krebs cycle)
- takes place in mitochondria
- 30-38 ATP produced
when does krebs cycle come into play?
anytime we use aerobic metabolism
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
- fluid inside cells
- ~ 2/3 fluids can be found here
Extracellular fluids (ECF)
- fluid in the blood and surround of cells
- ~ 1/3 of fluid can be found here
4 types of cells of the body & what their description
- Epithelial - found on surface of body and lining; protection
- Connective tissue - provide structural support
- Muscle cells - responsible for contraction and movement in body
- Skeletal muscle cell: long, responsible for voluntary movement
- Cardiac muscle cell: striated & branched cells, responsible for involuntary contraction
- Smooth muscle cell: responsible for involuntary movements (digestive)
- Nerve cells (neurons) - transmit electrical signals; responsible for communication
Positive feedback
- enhance the changes
- original stimulus intensified
- childbirth (process of childbirth continued)
Negative feedback
- original stimulus reversed
- stops what is going on (A/C, when temp reaches unit shuts off)
How will temperature affect diffusion?
higher temp will increase speed of molecular movement cause for faster diffusion to occur
How will mass affect diffusion?
increased mass will slow down diffusion.
- protein has higher mass so they move slower than glucose
How does surface area affect diffusion?
greater surface area gives greater area for diffusion, increasing diffusion
Does distance affect diffusion?
more distance to travel the slower the diffusion
what is it called when body’s mineral levels are too low or too high?
electrolyte imbalances
Significant electrolytes
sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium
Hypo/hypernatremia (sodium levels)
can cause neurological symptoms, fluid imbalance, and BP problems
Hypo/hyperkalemia (potassium levels)
disrupt cardiac rhythm and function
Hypo/hypercalcemia (calcium levels)
can affect muscle and bone function
Normal range of pH in body
7.35-7.45
what pH level is considered acidic for the body?
below 7.35
what pH level is considered basic/alkalotic for the body?
above 7.45
mechanisms that alter pH
respiratory and kidney function to compensate for abnormal fluctuation
what is buffer/buffering?
can bind/release H+ in solutions to keep pH constant
Cells of innate immune system
Phagocytes, natural killers, mast cells, granulocytes
First level of defense examples
skin, acidic environment of stomach, and mucous membranes
Second level of defense examples
phagocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, natural killers, etc.
Difference in Tissue Healing Times
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
(shortest to longest healing time)
Nutrients that used as fuels during exercise
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Whats is the primary fuel for exercise? (think nutrient)
carbohydrates
Carbohyrdates
-primary fuel
- stored in muscle as glucose
Fats
- used and broken down
- stored in adipose tissue and muscle tissue as triglyerols
Proteins
- least preferred energy stored
- extra protein can be stored as fat
Describe the role of enzymes as catalysts in cellular chemical reactions.
- speeds it up!
- increases rate of reaction
- Think atpase and creatine kinase
structure of ATP in cell
- purine base and a sugar and 3 phosphate
adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate
function of ATP in cell
create energy for the body
Explain Electron Transport Chain
- Main even of cellular respiration (bc MOST ATP made here)
- series of proteins and molecules in mitochondria
- NADH delivers electrons to first protein in electron train and energy is gradually released
- Moving electrons is electricity = hence energy (natural energy)
-High concentration of ions in intermembrane space
- Hydrogen ions from intermembrane space go through –> (facilitated diffusion) ATP synthase –> all the hydrogen ions going through ATP synthase cause it to spin to much it produces ATP.
-Electrons need somewhere to go (final destination) –> O2 comes and makes water.
results of Kreb Cycle
- 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP, 4CO2
- They then go through electron transport chain for the generation of ATP.
general principles of GI function
motility, nervous control, blood circulation
motility and GI function (humoral regulation)
movement of content; food moving through GI system
(parasympathetic)
think MOTILITY = MOVEMENT
significance of resting membrane potential
Regulation. Like what slows it down or speeds it up. And metabolic pathways are aerobic or anaerobic
Nervous control (neural) and GI function
digestion slows down greatly during exercise
(parasympathetic) = Rest and digest
Blood circulation (paracrine) and GI function
diffusion of nutrients into blood
Sequence of events in swallowing
- initiated by voluntary action of propelling bolus towards pharynx
- the, involuntary contraction begins, pharyngeal muscles push bolus down into esophagus
- inhibition of respiration and glottic closure is a reflex (soft palate elevates to prevent food from enter nasal passageway, epiglottis covers glottis to prevent food from entering trachea and upper esophageal sphincter relaxes)
- food goes down towards esophagus
Discuss changes in gastric motility that take place during swallowing and their
physiological significance.
Contraction/relaxation of the esophageal muscle to help push food into stomach, past the sphincter and preventing it from going the over way (like peristalsis)
Influx of hydrochloric acid to stomach so you can digest food
Discuss secretory functions of the alimentary tract
- Protection, digestion, regulation
Describe digestion and absorption in the GI tract
- absorption primarily occurs in small intestine
- involve the breakdown of ingested food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.
