Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine 2 - physiology > Phys - Endo Intro/Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Phys - Endo Intro/Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system

A
  • secrete messengers that regulate organ system function

- coordinates with neural regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the 6 gland with endocrine function

A
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal glands
  • pineal
  • thymus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the four organs with endocrine function

A
  • gonads
  • pancreas
  • kidneys
  • heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the three hormone types

A
  1. Steroid
  2. Peptide/protein
  3. Amine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Steroid hormones

  • synth from what
  • produced by what
  • bind to what
A
  • synthesized from cholesterols
  • produced by gonads, placenta, and adrenal glands
  • usually bind to intracellular receptor (can cross cell membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do peptide hormones usually bind?

A

surface receptor on a target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Amine hormones

  • synth from what
  • produced by what
  • bind to what usually
A
  • synth from tyrosine
  • produced by adrenal medulla (and thyroid)
  • usually bind to intracellular receptor
  • somewhat similar to proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peptide hormone

  • synthesis
  • storage
  • release
A
  • via protein synthesis
  • synthesized as preprohormones
  • cleaved in ER to prohormone
  • cleaved in secretory vesicles to active hormone
  • stored in cytoplasmic granules
  • exocytosis to release hormone when stimulated by specific signal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What regulates peptide hormone production (overall)

A

secretory pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis

  • synth from what
  • regulation
  • constitutive or pulsatile production?
A
  • synth from cholesterol
  • regulated by production of key enzymes in synthesis pathway
  • constitutive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Peptide/amine hormone transport

A

free or bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Steroid hormone transport

A
  • insoluble = must have carriers
  • Most carriers made in liver, called steroid binding proteins (SBP)
  • when arrive at target cell, hormone is released from carrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Steroid hormone binding to a carrier

  • prevents what
  • allows for what
A
  • prevents elimination

- allows for hormone reserve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cells to hormones reach? How to they act?

A
  • hormones reach all cells

- act specifically on target cells that contain specific receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does hormone receptor binding rely on?

A
  • blood level of hormone
  • number of receptors
  • affinity of receptor for substrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do hormones alter target cell activity?

A
  • change in membrane permeability or membrane potential
  • synthesis of protein or regulatory molecule
  • enzyme activation/deactivation
  • induction of secretory activity (secrete another hormone or cell product)
  • stimulation of mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do protein and amine hormones use to cause intracellular change? why do they need this?

A
  • second messengers

- because they bind to the cell surface but need to make an internal change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 2 common second messengers

A
  • cAMP

- IP3 & DAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cAMP MoA

A
  • common secondary messenger
  • Hormone receptor is G protein coupled receptor
  • binds GTP which dissociates subunits
  • Activates/inhibits adenylate cyclase cleavage of ATP to cAMP
  • cAMP activates protein kinases which phosphorylate a regulatory protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what degrades cAMP

A

phosphodiesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

IP3 and DAG MoA

A
  • GPCR binds hormone
  • activation splits PIP2 into DAG and IP3
  • DAG activates protein kinases
  • IP3 increases ICF calcium which binds calmodulin or activates enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define
PIP2
DAG
IP3

A
  • PIP2: phospatidylinositol
  • DAG: diacylglycerol
  • IP3: inositol triphosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Steroid hormone MoA

A
  • bind intracellular receptors (bc lipid can cross cell membrane)
  • attach to chromatin
  • Alter gene transcription (increase/decrease protein synthesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Feedback control of hormones

A
  • target cell response to hormone sends signal to hormone source
  • positive feedback increases the hormone
  • negative feedback decreases hormone (MC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypothalamus

  • describe
  • role
A
  • homeostatic center for chemistry and temp or internal environment
  • acts with limbic system as a unit that regulates emotional and instinctual behavior
  • controls release of hormones from pituitary gland
26
Q

How is the hypothalamus able to control chemistry/temp of the body?

A
  • “sips” full strength blood all the time to test

- no/less blood brain barrier so exposed to blood

27
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

- define

A
  • neural connection between hypothalamus and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
  • hypothalamic nuclei produce hormones
  • hormones are sent by fibers via infundibulum to posterior pituitary
28
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

- What two hypothalamic nuclei are involved and what do they produce

A
  • Supraoptic nuclei (ADH)

- Paraventricular nuclei (oxytocin)

29
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A
  • vascular pathway from hypothalamus to anterior lobe of pituitary gland
  • ventral hypothalamus neurons release hypophysiotropic (releasing) hormones to primary capillary plexus of infundibulum
  • drained by hypophyseal portal vein to secondary capillary plexus at anterior lobe
30
Q

List the 7 hypophysiotropic hormones

A
  • corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH)
  • growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GIH/somatostatin)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  • prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
31
Q

What does CRH stimulate the release of?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

32
Q

What does TRH stimulate the release of?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

33
Q

What does GRH stimulate the release of?

A

growth hormone

34
Q

What does GRH inhibit the release of?

A

Growth hormone

35
Q

What does GnRH stimulate the release of?

A

gonadotropins

  • LH
  • FSH
36
Q

What does PRH stimulate the release of?

A

prolactin

37
Q

What does PIH inhibit the release of?

A

prolactin

38
Q

Name the two parts of the hypophysis

A
  • neurohypophysis (posterior)

- Adenohypophysis (anterior)

39
Q

Anterior pituitary

- two cells types

A
  1. secretory cells (“-trope”): granulated

2. Folliculostellate cells: regulate growth and function of secretory cells (assistants)

40
Q

What are the five types of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary, what do they release, and what percent are they

A
  • somatotrope: growth hormone (50%)
  • Lactotrope: prolactin (10-30%)
  • Corticotrope: ACTH (10%)
  • Thyrotrope: TSH (5%)
  • Gonadotrope: FSH, LH (20%)
41
Q

What is the process to produce ACTH

A

corticotropes produce POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) which are cleaved into many things including ACTH and endorphins

42
Q

ACTH

  • released by
  • in response to
  • target cell
  • action
  • inhibited by
A
  • corticotropes
  • hypothalamic CRH
  • adrenal cortex
  • stimulate release of glucocorticoids including cortisol
  • feedback inhibition by cortisol
43
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

increase blood sugar

44
Q

Growth hormone

  • released by
  • in response to
  • inhibited by
A
  • somatotropin of anterior pituitary
  • GHRH
  • somatostatin (from hypothalamus), GH, somatomedin, cortisol
45
Q

How variable is the genetic coding for GH?

A

located on 5 diff genes with variable processing = how important it is to have GH!!

46
Q

GH transport

A

50% bound to extracellular GH receptor

47
Q

At what frequency/pattern is GH released?

A

pulsatile over lifetime and daily

48
Q

GH actions

A
  • stimulates cellular uptake of aa
  • stimulates protein synthesis
  • stimulates uptake of sulfur needed to make chondroitin sulfate
  • increased production of cartilage matrix
  • increased lipolysis and FA in blood
  • decreased cellular glucose uptake, maintains blood sugar levels
  • increases somatomedin (ILG) production
49
Q

Somatomedins

  • made where
  • describe
  • action
A
  • produced by liver
  • insulin-like growth factors (ILG-1 and ILG-2)
  • enhances insulin-like activity which is contrary to most GH which decreases
  • GH mediated anabolic effect on skeleton and muscle
50
Q

TSH

  • released by
  • in response to
  • target cell
  • action
  • inhibited by
A
  • thyrotropes
  • hypothalamic TRH
  • thyroid gland follicle cells
  • stimulates production/release of thyroid hormone, stimulates iodine uptake
  • somatostatin, circulating thyroxine
51
Q

What is release pattern of TSH?

A

constitutive (not pulsatile)

52
Q

Gonadotropins

  • released by
  • in response to
  • target cell
  • inhibited by
A
  • gonadotropes
  • hypothalamic GnRH
  • target gonads
  • estrogen in female, testosterone and inhibin in male
53
Q

FSH

- action in male

A

Testes

- stimulates spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules and sperm maturation in epididymis

54
Q

FSH

- action in female

A

Ovaries

  • stimulates estrogen production by granulose cells
  • follicle maturation
55
Q

LH

- action in male

A

Testes

- testosterone production via cells of Leydig

56
Q

LH

- action in female

A
  • estrogen production
  • ovulation
  • corpus lute conversion and progesterone secretion
57
Q

Prolactin

  • released by
  • in response to
  • action
  • target cell
  • inhibited by
A
  • lactotropes
  • hypothalamic PRH
  • estrogen/progesterone primed mammary glands
  • production of milk, initiates lactation post-birth, takes a few days
  • hypothalamic PIH
58
Q

Oxytocin

  • released from
  • in response to
  • target cell
  • inhibited by
A
  • posterior pituitary
  • cervical and nipple stretch, infant suckling, oxytocin
  • uterus, alveolar glands
  • stimulates: milk release, uterine contractions (OUCH), bonding/empathy/trust
  • lack of neural stimulus
59
Q

ADH

  • aka
  • released from
  • target organ
A
  • vasopressin
  • posterior pituitary
  • kidneys: increase number or size of water channels in CD to retain water
60
Q

What stimulates the release of ADH

A
  • increased blood osmolarity (water loss dt dehydration, sweating, diarrhea, reduced blood volume/pressure)
  • low-pressure receptors in great veins, LA, RA, PV
  • also continuously released at low level
61
Q

What inhibits ADH release

A
  • decreased blood osmolality
  • increased blood volume
  • increased blood pressure

Endocrine 2 - physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions