Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine 2 - physiology > Phys - Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Phys - Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal glands

  • location
  • two main portions
A
  • superior to kidney
  • cortex (outside layer)
  • medulla (inside layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adrenal medulla

  • what percent of adrenal mass
  • composed of what
A
  • 28% of adrenal mass

- mass of sympathetic ganglia (SNS postgang. cell without axons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cells related to adrenal medulla

A
  • Chromaffin cells

- paraganglia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chromaffin cells

A
  • granular secretory cells
  • 90% secrete epinephrine
  • 10% secrete NE
  • modified postgang sympathetic neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Paraganglia cells

A
  • near adrenal gland, function like adrenal gland

- near thoracic and abdominal sympathetic ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

catecholamines

  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is catecholamine release stimulated?

A
  • SNS pregang release ACh
  • ACh received by medullary cells, opens ca channels, ca influx, exocytosis of granules
  • E and NE released into circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Catecholamine synthesis

- progression of molecules

A

Tyrosine - Dopa - Dopamine - NE - E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Catecholamine synthesis

- steps

A
  • PMNT converts NE to E
  • PMNT activity increased by glucocorticoids (cortisol)
    = cortisol increases epinephrine synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the half life of epinephrine?

A

2 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Catecholamine receptors

  • type
  • what process do they use
A
  • adrenergic transmembrane receptors (alphas and betas)

- use second messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alpha 1 receptor action

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • increased peripheral resistance
  • increased blood pressure
  • mydriasis
  • increased closure of bladder’s internal sphincter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

alpha 2 receptor action

A
  • inhibition of NE release
  • inhibition of ACh release
  • inhibition of insulin release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

beta 1 receptor action

A
  • tachycardia
  • increased lipolysis
  • increased myocardial contractility
  • increased renin release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

beta 2 receptor action

A
  • vasodilation
  • slightly decreased peripheral resistance
  • bronchodilation
  • increased muscle and liver glycogenolysis
  • increased glucagon release
  • relaxed uterine smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dopamine

  • how much released
  • MoA
  • action
A
  • low amounts
  • increases cAMP
  • vasodilation, diuresis and naturesis
17
Q

catecholamine release

A
  • low basal secretion
  • diffuse SNS discharge as a result of stress
  • works with SNS and adrenal cortex secretion for systemic readiness for stress
18
Q

Two other hormones released from adrenal medulla

A
  • metenkephalin

- adrenomedullin

19
Q

Metenkephalin

A
  • opioid peptide
  • binds opioid receptors and opioid growth factor receptors
  • important in tissue growth and repair
  • most from adrenal medulla
20
Q

Adrenomedullin

A
  • potent vasodilator

- unknown significance

21
Q

Adrenal cortex structure

  • main cell type
  • secretions
A
  • adrenocortical cells: large, lipid laden cells
  • Secretes steroid hormones:
  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids
  • androgens
22
Q

Adrenal cortex zones (3)

A
  • zona glomerulosa (aldosterone, mineralocorticoid)
  • zona fasciculata (cortisol and androgens)
  • zona reticularis (cortisol and androgens)
23
Q

Steroid biosynthesis

A
  • cholesterol is precursor

- taken up from LDL via LDL-receptor on adrenocortical cells

24
Q

Three steroid products of cholesterol

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • testosterone
25
Q

Cortisol

  • transport
  • half life
  • metabolism
A
  • bound to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)
  • half life 60-90 min (long)
  • metabolized by liver
26
Q

Aldosterone

  • transport
  • half life
A
  • some bound, mostly free

- 20 min half life

27
Q

Androgens

  • transport
  • half life
A
  • sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin

- half life is days (want to maintain sexual characteristics)

28
Q

Glucocorticoids

  • stimulus
  • pattern of release
A
  • ACTH due to hypothalamic CRH

- diurnal release and bursts dt eating and activity

29
Q

glucocorticoids receptor

A
  • intracellular
  • alters transcription
  • present on most body cells
30
Q

glucocorticoid action

A
  • metabolism of glucose
  • increases blood sugar levels for brain and heart (anti-insulin)
  • hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
  • fatty acid metabolism
  • protein catabolism
31
Q

What is the “permissive action” of glucocorticoids?

A
  • enhances biological activity of glucagon and catecholamines
  • ex: vasoconstriction and elevation of blood pressure
32
Q

What do glucocorticoids do to the immune system

A
  • nl levels promote nl function of immune system (also bone and cartilage formation)
  • excess levels = suppression
  • reduction of IL-2 decreases lymphocyte proliferation
33
Q

how is glucocorticoid release regulated?

A

negative feedback inhibition of cortisol on ACTH release

34
Q

Mineralocorticoids

  • primary form
  • release stimulus
  • receptor
A
  • aldosterone
  • renin (senses low renal bp) and ACTH (minor role)
  • intracellular receptor, alters protein synthesis
35
Q

Mineralocorticoids

- Action

A
  • Na reabsorption from filtrate by principle cells of CD
  • secretion of H+ and K+
  • Na reabsorption from sweat, saliva, colon
  • *INCREASES Na in ECF, increase fluid volume, elevate bp, eliminate K
36
Q

Mineralocorticoids

- regulation

A
  • renin reduction by ANP, BNP
  • increased Na, blood volume, bp
  • falling K
  • decreased ACTH
37
Q

Androgens

  • release from adrenal gland
  • timing of release
A
  • adrenal release of androgens is minor and decreases with age
  • release peaks fatally and at puberty

Endocrine 2 - physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions