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GI 1 > Phys 2 > Flashcards

Phys 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Overall function of the large intestine

A
  • absorb water
  • compact undigested material
  • form and release stool
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2
Q

Regions of the large intestine

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • colon: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
  • rectum
  • anal canal
  • anus
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3
Q

Cell histology type in large intestine mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium

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4
Q

cell types contained within the large intestine mucosa

A
  • colonocytes (absorption)
  • goblet cells (mucus)
  • stem cells

(no plica or villi b/c don’t need digestive enzymes anymore)

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5
Q

What is the muscularis layer in the large intestine?

A

-taenia coli

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6
Q

taenia coli

A

longitudinal layer reduced to 3 bands of muscle

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7
Q

haustra

A

puckers of intestinal wall created by tone of taenia coli

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8
Q

What is the function of the normal flora in the large intestine?

A
  • to ferment undigested sugars releasing acids and gases

- release B vitamins, vitamin K and short chain FA

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9
Q

types of normal flora in the large intestine

A
  • 500 species of bacteria and candida

- many of genus bacteroides (anaerobic gram positive cocci)

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10
Q

What are the functions of the pancrease?

A
  • endocrine

- digestive

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11
Q

endocrine cells of the pancreas

A
  • alpha islet cells (20%)
  • beta islet cells (70%)
  • delta islet cells (10%)

(all scattered in the acini)

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12
Q

alpha islet cells release:

A

glucagon

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13
Q

beta islet cells release:

A

insulin

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14
Q

delta islet cells release:

A

somatostatin

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15
Q

anatomical components of the pancreas

A
  • acini: cluster of cells
  • interlobar duct which drains into the:
  • pancreatic duct
  • sphincter of Oddi
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16
Q

acinar cells

A
  • clusters of granulated secretory cells

- secrete enzymes

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17
Q

centroacinar cells

A
  • form interlobar duct

- secrete watery bicarb solution

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18
Q

pancreatic juice

  • how much produced
  • pH
A
  • 1.2-1.5 L qd

- pH: 8

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19
Q

digestive enzymes of the pancreas

A
  • usually secreted in inactive form
  • trypsin and chymotrypsin proteases
  • amylase
  • lipase
  • nucleases
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20
Q

what do amylase and lipase enzyme digest?

A
  • amylase: carbs

- lipase: lipids

21
Q

General regulation of secretion from pancreas

A
  • PSNS

- 2 intestinal hormones: secretin and CCK

22
Q

PSNS regulation of secretion of the pancreas

A

vagal stimulation causes release of pancreatic secretions during gastric and cephalic phases

23
Q

secretins function in pancreatic regulation of secretion

A
  • secretin is released in response to Hcl in the duodenum

- target duct cell to release watery alkaline juice

24
Q

CCK function in pancreatic regulation of secretion

A
  • released in response to proteinaceous content in duodenum

- targets acini to release enzyme rich pancreatic juice

25
Q

liver anatomy - 3 main parts of the functional unit

A
  • hepatic lobule
  • hepatic sinusoid
  • bile canaliculi
26
Q

blood flow to the hepatic sinusoid

A
  • a central vein is fed by a branch of the hepatic portal vein
  • the hepatic a. also feeds into it
  • so oxygen rich and nutrient rich blood meet at the sinusoids
27
Q

bile canaliculi

A
  • the liver processes material and makes bile

- it secretes bile via the bile canaliculi to the bile duct

28
Q

hepatocytes

A
  • large, cube, often binucleate

- arranged in sheets of tissue - bathed in mixed blood of sinusoids

29
Q

functions of hepatocytes

A
  • bile production
  • glycogen metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • production of plasma proteins
  • detox
  • urea production
  • iron storage
30
Q

Kupffer cells

A
  • macrophages that eat:
  • debris, aged cells, RBCs, foreign cells
  • line the sinusoid space
  • help protect from stuff coming in from the small intestine
31
Q

hepatic stellate cells

A
  • regulate the Kupffer cells via cytokines
  • line the perisinusoidal space
  • lipid droplets
32
Q

hepatic portal circulation review

A
  1. splenic v. and superior mesenteric v. drain to hepatic portal v.
  2. hepatic portal v. to liver
  3. from liver, through hepatic veins to IVC
  4. IVC to heart
  5. heart through abdominal aorta to proper hepatic a.
  6. back to liver
33
Q

What are the various carb metabolism functions of the liver?

A
  • glycogenesis
  • glycogenolysis
  • lipogenesis
34
Q

glycogenesis

A
  • production of glycogen
  • stimulated by insulin
  • glycogen synthase, glycogen branching enzyme
35
Q

glycogenolysis

A
  • break down of glycogen
  • stimulated by glucagon
  • glycogen phospohorylase
36
Q

lipogenesis

A

-TG formation from glucose

37
Q

What are the various amino acid metabolism functions of the liver?

A
  • gluconeogenesis (from aa)
  • urea production: deamination of aa produces ammonia - urea cycle
  • aa production
38
Q

lipolysis by liver

A
  • lipid metabolism in the liver stimulated by glucagon, NE/E, ghrelin
  • release of FA and glycerol from TG
  • FFA enter circulation
39
Q

glycerol that is released in lipolysis is used where?

A
  • glycolysis

- gluconeogenesis

40
Q

ketogenesis of liver

A
  • stimulated by low blood sugar and glucagon
  • occurs in mitochondriion
  • ketones release by beta oxidation of FA
  • forms acetyl-CoA and enters TCA
41
Q

ketone bodies formed in ketogenesis enter the circulation as what?

A
  • acetoacetate
  • acetone
  • beta-hydroxybuterate
42
Q

fat storage function of the liver

A
  • liver stores lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

- if excessive = fatty liver

43
Q

liver cholesterol metabolism

A
  • the manufacture of cholesterol

- used in bile, lipoproteins, plasma membranes and steroid hormone synthesis

44
Q

liver phospholipid synthesis

A
  • membranes, blood clotting, supply of arachadonic acid for prostaglandin synthesis
  • synthesized from phosphatidic acid (intermediates in the production of triacylglycerols)
45
Q

What types of protein does the liver produce?

A
  • albumin (mainly)
  • carrier proteins
  • coagulation proteins
  • complement
  • CRP
  • apolipoprotein
  • hormones
46
Q

Describe the detox process of the liver

A
  1. Kupffer cell phagocytosis
  2. enzymatic detox: phase 1 and phase 2
  3. metabolites of detox eliminated in bile or urine
47
Q

phase 1 of enzymatic liver detox

A
  • Cytochrome P450
  • lg group of enzymes
  • oxidize molecules to less toxic metabolites
48
Q

phase 2 of enzymatic liver detox

A
  • esterification

- often steroid compounds

GI 1 (16 decks)

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