Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI 1 > Phys 1 > Flashcards

Phys 1 Flashcards

1
Q

7 functions of the GI tract

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion
  5. Hormone secretion
  6. Absorption
  7. Elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Layers of teh GI tract

A
  1. mucosa (interior along lumen)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa (exterior)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two muscularis layers

A
  • longitudinal muscle
  • circular muscle
  • allow for lots of “squishing” along alimentary canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Three major oral cavity salivary glands

A
  1. parotid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual
    - also have buccal glands distributed through cheek
    - all produce saliva
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Saliva

  • fn
  • enzyme
A
  • clean and moisten oral cavity
  • moisten food for compaction into bolus
  • allow for taste
  • amylase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

salivary amylase

A

carbohydrate breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Salivary gland cells (2)

A
  1. serous cells: watery secretions with ions and enzymes

2. mucous cells: secretion of mucin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mucin def

A

glycoprotein that bind water, creating mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Two triggers for salivation

A
  1. chemoreceptors

2. pressure receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Salivation neural activity

A
  • impulse to salivary nucleus of medulla

- Motor impulse to tongue and salivary gland via facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Esophagus

- describe

A
  • muscular tube
  • collapsed
  • pierces diaphragm
  • joins stomach via the gastroesophageal sphincter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mucosa

  • cell type
  • glands
  • other features
A
  • stratified squamous
  • esophageal glands - release mucus
  • rugae - allow for expansion when swallow bolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Muscularis composition

A
  • proximal 1/3 skeletal (intentional control)
  • middle 1/3 mixed skeletal and smooth
  • distal 1/3 smooth (autonomic control)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Regions of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus (antrum)
  • pyloric sphincter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscular layers of stomach

A
  • circular
  • longitudinal
  • oblique (not seen in other areas of GI tract)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stomach mucosa

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • surface mucous cells
  • gastric pits (lead to glands)
  • gastric glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stomach gastric glands (5)

A
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Parietal cells
  • Chief cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • ECL cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mucous neck cells

A
  • stomach gastric gland
  • stem cell population
  • in epithelium
  • form the neck of the pit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Parietal cells

A
  • stomach gastric gland
  • enhanced production by histamine and gastrin
  • produce HCl (aka gastric acid)
  • Intrinsic factor production (B12 absorption requirement)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chief cells

A
  • stomach gastric gland

- produce pepsinogen and gastric lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pepsinogen

A
  • produced by chief cells
  • converted to pepsin in low pH
  • proteinase
22
Q

Gastric lipase

A
  • produced by chief cell

- lipolysis

23
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A
  • stomach gastric gland
  • release hormones
  • hormone released is specific to cell type and location
24
Q

Stomach specific enteroendocrine cell

A

G cells

25
Q

G cells

A
  • stomach enteroendocrine cell

- produce gastrin

26
Q

Gastrin

A
  • produced by G cells in stomach
  • released stimulated by peptides and aa in stomach
  • Increases gastric acid (HCl) production by parietal cells
  • stimulates contractions in the intestine (move out what is there, prepare for new food)
27
Q

ECL cells

A
  • stomach gastric gland
  • enterochromaffin-like cell
  • stimulated by gastrin
  • release histamine
  • Stimulate HCl secretion via parietal cell
28
Q

Histamine

  • what cell does it affect in GI tract
  • how
A
  • parietal cells: release HCl

- H2 receptor on parietal cell

29
Q

Three phases of gastric regulation

A
  1. Cephalic
  2. Gastric
  3. Intestinal
30
Q

Cephalic phase of gastric regulation

A
  • sight, smell, thought
  • receptor activity goes to hypothalmus
  • output from medulla vagal nuclei (vagus nerve)
  • stimulates gastric gland secretions (mucus, HCl, enzymes, gastrin, histamine)
31
Q

Gastric phase of gastric regulation

A
  • food enters stomach
  • distention causes secretory activity (myenteric and vagal reflex)
  • gastrin and histamine increase HCl
32
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric regulation

A
  • begins when stomach drips chyme into duodenum
  • intestinal secretions begin
  • gastric activity is inhibited (vagal feedback and hormones)
33
Q

What hormones are secreted during the intestinal phase of gastric regulation that inhibit gastric activity?

A
  • secretin

- GIP

34
Q

Small intestine

  • what major part of digestion occurs here
  • two physical characteristics
A
  • majority of absorption
  • plicae circulares
  • villi
35
Q

Plicae circulares in small intestine

A
  • circular folds of mucosa and submucosa
  • slow propulsion and increase mixing
  • increase SA for greater absorption
36
Q

Villi in small intestine

A
  • fingerlike mucosal projections, project off plicae circulares
  • columnar epithelium
  • contain lacteal and capillary network
  • increase SA
37
Q

What anatomical feature is between the villi?

A

Intestinal crypts

  • contain intestinal glands
  • contain stem cells
38
Q

Duodenal glands fn

A
  • type of mucus gland in duodenum
  • secrete bicarb rich mucus into intestinal glands to neutralize acidic chyme
  • get duodenal ulcers if dysfunctional (HCl erodes tissue)
39
Q

Microvilli

A
  • plasma membrane projections from ea intestinal columnar cell
  • aka brush border
40
Q

Three things that increase SA in intestine

A
  • Plicae (line intestine)
  • villi (alone the plicae)
  • brush border (on each cell)
41
Q

Cell types of small intestine (5)

A
  1. Enterocytes
  2. Goblet cells (mucous cells)
  3. Paneth Cells
  4. M Cells
  5. Enteroendocrine cells
42
Q

Enterocytes

A
  • absorptive columnar cells
  • contain brush border (microvilli)
  • enzymes at brush border
43
Q

Paneth cells

A
  • located in crypts

- produce non specific defensive secretions/antimicrobials (defensins, lysozyme, phosopholipase)

44
Q

M cells

A
  • overlie lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches) in ileum

- endocytose antigens for transport to lymphoid cells

45
Q

Peyer’s patches

A
  • lymph tissue in the intestine

- part of MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) which is found in GI, respiratory, and GU tracts

46
Q

Stomach enteroendocrine cells

A
  • microvilli have nutrient receptors and signal transduction systems
  • activation stimulates hormone release basally (CCK, GIP, Secretin)
47
Q

What are the 3 enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine

A
  • I cells (CCK)
  • K cells (GIP)
  • S cells (Secretin)
48
Q

CCK

A
  • From I Cells in intestine
  • release stimulated by aa and FA in small intestine
  • inhibits gastric secretions
  • stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes, stimulates gallbladder contraction
49
Q

GIP

A
  • From K cells in intestine

- gastric inhibitory peptide

50
Q

Secretin

A
  • from S cells in intestine
  • release stimulated by acidic pH in small intestine
  • stimulate pancreatic juice and bile production

GI 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions