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Invertebrate Zoology > Phylum Porifera > Flashcards

Phylum Porifera Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major groups within the Amoebids?

A

Amoebozoa and rhizaria

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2
Q

List as many characteristics of the Amoebids as you can

A
  • No cilia
  • Typically only one nucleus
  • Contain pseudopodia
  • Flagellated ancestors
  • NO sexual conjugation
    Reproduces via:
    gamete formation or encystment
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3
Q

Describe the amoebozoans: consider feeding habits, shape, environment, and other characteristics.

A
  • Shapeless
  • Pseudopodia
  • Prefer moist environments
  • Feeds via phagocytosis and pinocytosis
  • Secrete proteinaceous or siliceous tests
  • Aggregation to form giant amoeba
  • Pseudopodia project through tests
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4
Q

What are the two major groups in Rhizaria?

A

Phylum foraminifera and phylum radiozoa

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5
Q

Briefly describe the rhizaria

A
  • Filopodia
  • Can be simple or branching and complex
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6
Q

List some characteristics of Phylum foraminifera

A
  • CaCO3 tests
  • Complex pseudopodia through pores
  • Primarily benthic and marine
  • Symbiosis with dinoflagellates (coral)
  • Reticulopodia
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7
Q

List some characteristics of Phylum Radiozoa

A
  • Axopodia (responsible for phagocytosis)
  • Rigid endoskeleton of silica or str. sulfate
  • Can form symbiosis with algae
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8
Q

What are the three major groupings of flagellates?

A

Phytoflagellates, free-living zooflagellates, and parasitic flagellates

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9
Q

What are the simplest metazoans?

A

Sponges

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10
Q

Describe phylum Porifera (sponges)

A
  • No nerves, muscles, or locomotion
  • Classed as a plant until 1765
  • Allow for continuous water flow through flagella
  • multicellular
    -Asymmetrical
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11
Q

Define ostia

A

Ostia are incurrent pores

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12
Q

Define Spongocoel

A

The empty central cavity or atrium

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13
Q

Define osculum

A

Excurrent pores on the sponge

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14
Q

What makes up the mesohyl layer?

A
  • Collagen
  • Spongin
    Collagen and spongin makes up a matrix of cells with proteinaceous material.
  • Spicules
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15
Q

What are spicules used for?

A
  • Skeleton support; found in mesohyl and is made of calcite or silicate
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16
Q

What are Pinacocytes?

A

Cover outer surfaces of the sponge, they are 1-cell layer thick, and basilar forms glue the sponge to a substrate

17
Q

Define porocytes

A

Porocytes are pores that allow water flow; incurrent pore = ostium. They cover the outer sponge.

18
Q

Define choanocytes

A

Flagellated cells lining spongocoel and choanoderm; are used to capture food/ sperm. They also provide water flow.

19
Q

Define sclerocytes

A

Sclerocytes are amoebid cells that secrete spicules

20
Q

Define spongocytes

A

Spongocytes are amoebid cells that produce the protein spongin

21
Q

Define archeocytes

A

Archeocytes are amoebid cells known as the transformer cell. They are undifferentiated but can produce gametes, digest, store food, and they are found in the mesohyl.

22
Q

Does high complexity equal evolutionary success?

A

Nope

23
Q

What are the three morphotypes of phylum porifera?

A

Asconoid, synconoid, and leuconoid

24
Q

Describe asconoid morphology

A
  • Large central cavity lined with choanocytes and spongocoel
  • Pinacoderm lacks folds
  • Larger forms are difficult

(Least complex morphotype)

25
Q

Describe asconoid morphology water flow

A

Water flows via:
- Ostia
- Flagellated spongocoel
- Osculum

26
Q

Describe Syconoid morphology

A
  • Folded and pushed out pinacoderm
    Two complex canals:
    1) Incurrent canal
    2) Radial canal

(medium complexity morphology)

27
Q

Describe syconoid morphology water flow

A

Water flow via:
- Incurrent canal
- ostia
- flagellated radial canals
- reduced spongocoel
- osculum

28
Q

Describe leuconoid morphology

A
  • Increased folding in pinacoderm
  • Incurrent canal
  • Radial canal
  • Several oscula
  • Little to no spongocoel

(Most complex sponge morphology)

29
Q

What does having increased folding in the pinacoderm mean for pumping efficiency?

A

Increased surface area and increased pumping efficiency

30
Q

Describe leuconoid morphology water flow

A

Water flow via:
- Ostia
- Branching incurrent canals
- Prosopyle (specialized water flow pore)
- Flagellated chambers
- Excurrent canals
- Osculum

31
Q

How does asexual reproduction occur in phylum porifera?

A

Fragmentation and gemmule production

32
Q

Define gemmule reproduction

A

An unfavorable form of asexual reproduction where a mass of archeocytes is surrounded by a capsule with spincules

33
Q

How does sexual reproduction occur in phylum porifera?

A
  • Broadcasting a spawn of gametes (hermaphroditic) where choanocytes produce both egg and sperm while archeocytes exclusively produce egg.
34
Q

What are the four classes of phylum Porifera? List some characteristics of each

A

1) Calcarea
- CaCO3 spicules
-Asconoid, synoconoid, leuconoid
2) Demospongia
- 80% of most species
- Mostly leuconoid
-spongin are silica
- Contains all freshwater
- Never contains CaCO3
3) Hexactinellida
- glass sponges
- syncytial cell layers
4) Homoscleroma
- Most lack spicules
- Pinacoderm is ciliated

Invertebrate Zoology (7 decks)

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