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Animal Diversity > Phylum Platyhelminthes > Flashcards

Phylum Platyhelminthes Flashcards

1
Q

bilateria (triploblasts)

A
  • Directional active movement with a purpose
  • Last big split
  • Triploblast → 3 embryonic tissue layers
  • Monophyletic group
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2
Q

whats so great about being a bilaterian

A
  • Having a mesoderm layer
  • Ectoderm = skin and nerves
  • Endoderm = organs
  • Mesoderm = connective tissue, bone, muscles, blood vessels
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3
Q

aecolomate

A

o No coelom
o Fill blastospace with cells
o Organs float around, unorganized
o Flatworms, small animals

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4
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

o Fluid filled
o Nematodes
o False body cavity, no mesoderm lining of gut

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5
Q

eucolomate

A

o Mesoderm lines gut, organs and coneects them all together
o Segmentation
o Bigger and more complex organisms because things are separated

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6
Q

cephalization

A

o Leads to movement in 1 direction
o Development of anterior and posterior due to forward movement
o Sense environment with head first → development of sense organs
o Mouth in head
o Does not mean they have a head → just concentration of sensory organs at front

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7
Q

early sensory systems

A
  • Statocyst in acoelomorpha
    o Ball that helps to sense things
  • Ocelli in turbellaria (planaria)
    o Little eye sports (no images, just light and dark)
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8
Q

acoelomorpha

A
  • Marine
  • Most are very small → need microscope
  • Statocyst for orientation
  • No anus, don’t really have a gut (syncytial digestive vacuole instead)
  • Extracellular digestion → digest with juices outside and them absorb them
  • No coelom
  • Photosynthetic bacteria that are symbiotic so they get energy from that
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9
Q

xenacoelomorpha

A
  • Purle socks

- New phylum discovered in feb 2016

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10
Q

platyzoa

A
  • Platyhelmithes
  • Flat small often no coelom
  • Shwos different groups of phyletic ree
  • Non parasitic and parasitic groups separated
  • No last common ancestor for non-parasitic
  • Poly and paraphyletic (how??)
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11
Q

characteristics of platyzoa

A
  • Literally flat and worm
  • 20000 species
  • Acoelomate, bilateral, vermiform
  • Most parasitic
  • No anus (most)
  • Flame cells (excretion and osmoregulation)
  • Well developed reproduction (most hermaphrodites)
  • Four classes (phylogeny under debate)
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12
Q

generic platyhelminthes

A
  • Internal cavity = parenchyma
  • Flat bc need to be small → no systems, small for surface area and to be able to do things at the cellular level
    o Dorso-ventrally flattened
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13
Q

flame cells

A
  • Mini kidney
  • Filters fluid from inside body
  • Removes metabolic waste
  • Controls osmotic pressure
    o Lots of microtubules and microvilli to retain ions
    o Flame cells + tube cells = protonephridia
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14
Q

class tubellaria

A
  • Small (<5mm) but can get up to 50cm
  • 4500 species
  • Mostly free living
    o Marine, freshwater, terrestrial (damp)
    o Swim and glide with muscles, cilia, mucus
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15
Q

skin and muscle of tubellaria

A 
o	Skin and mucle:
•	Cilia on epidermis 
•	Epidermis contains rhabdites 
•	Attach and detach system – dual-gland adhesive organs (ability to stick to things with adhesive and then unstick)
•	All found in rhabdites
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16
Q

feeding of tubellaria

A

o Muscular pharynx in ventral centre of body (mouth not at anterior end it is part way down ventral line)
o Intestines can be simple like 1 line or branched to diffuse throughout body bc no circulatory system
o Extracellular or intracellular digestion
o Scavengers, predators

17
Q

nervous system of tubellaria

A

o Cephalization
o Concentrated nerve sections → diffuse nerve plexus and ladder like pattern
o Auricles → ear like lobes packed with chemoreceptive and tactile cells
o Statocysts for orientation, rheoreceptors (currents), ocelli (eyes)

18
Q

reproduction of tubellaria

A

o Asexually → fission and regeneration (break part and it will regrow)
• 20% of cells are adults stem cells
• Need 1 297th of body to grow new worm
o Sexually
• Hermaphrodites,
• Internal fertilization with copulation
• Have sex → don’t just release gametes into water
• Penis fencing → fight to inject penis because you don’t want to be mom bc its very energy consuming and you have to do more to survive and dad just walks away like its nothing
• If cant find a mate it injects its penis into itself (selfing)

19
Q

key features of parasitic class

A
  • Skin (tegument)
    o Syncytial → non ciliated (not separated) epidermis
    o Unites group into neodermata (diff skin)
  • Digestive system
    o Lacking in some groups because they just absorb nutrients from host
  • Nervous system
    o Minimal cephalization
  • Reproduction
    o Different among classes
    o Reproduce continuously
20
Q

class trematoda

A
  • Adaptations for parasitism
    o Hooks onto host, enzymes, penetration, cyst forms
  • 11000+ species
    o Only 6 parasitize humans
  • Most have complex life cycle
    o Many have 2 hosts per life cycle (subclass digenea)
21
Q

example life cycle fo digenea flukes

A
  • Fertilized eggs in feces
  • Eggs hatch in intermediate host (first host)
  • Asexual amplification in intermediate
  • After amplification swimming form goes to infect vertebrate
  • Goes to definitive host
  • Sexual reproduction in definitive host once they have matured
  • Affects 2000000000 million people every year and can lead to death after many years
22
Q

common digenean flukes

A
  • Liver flukes → undercooked/raw fish
  • Blood flikes
    o Free swimming part burrows into skin and into blood stream (no fish)
    o Schistosomiasis
    o Enters human skin directly and enters blood vessels and intestines
    o Can cause many indirect symptoms and ifections
    o Swimmers itch
23
Q

class mongenia (one host)

A
  • On skin/gills of fish
  • Ectoparasitic → lives on outside of body and anchors to side (opisthaptor attachment)
  • Eats what is going by it
  • Simple life cycle
    o Eggs – ciliated larvae – adult
24
Q

class cestoda

A
  • Tapeworms
  • No real harm unless infection gets so big that it clogs kidneys
  • Long flat bodies
    o Scolex = attachment to host
    o Proglottids = conveyor belt = reproductive units
    o No digestive system → eats when host does
    o Microtriches to increase surface area for absorption (like microvilli)
  • Reproductive factories
    o Main body = strobila
    o Not true segmentation
    o Youngest at head, mature (gravid) posterior
    o Fertilization from same or diff strobila (can fertilize itself)
    o Constantly releases egg and sperm
    o Single proglittid can release 50000 eggs
    o Eggs from uterine pore
25
Q

how do we get infected by tapeworms

A
  • Pork, beef, chicken if undercooked
  • Fertilized eggs in gravid proglottids
  • Get protected larvae out of feces
  • Cyst forms in muscle of mammal
  • If not cooked enough we eat cyst and it attaches itself to intestine in new host
26
Q

infections

A
  • Increasing incidences in developing countries, not cooked food, organic farming (less pesticides that kiss cysts)
  • Pork tapeworm = taenia solium
  • Mostly harmless
    o Can get anemia, discomfort, diarrhea
  • Human-human infection can be deadly (cysticercosis)
    o No intermediate host → human infected → larvae released → tries to incyst but it cant because its not a pig
    o Incysts in brain and causes seizures
27
Q

trochozoans

A
  • Protostomes – lophotrochozoans – trochozoans
  • Larva – worms and molluscs
  • Taxonomy of worms is all over the place!
28
Q

segmentation

A
  • Metamerism
    o Repeated units separated by septa
    o Septa = mesoderm tissue
    o In each unit has parts of most organ systems
    o Triploblastic eucoelomate
    Locomotion: segments and coelom
  • Except in leeches coelom is filled with fluid and serves as a hydrostatic skeleton
  • Force of fluid on the side of the body allows movement
    o Helps with burrowing, bristles on side of body that stick out anchor until other parts move
  • Contraction of longitudinal muscles causes body to shorten and expand
  • Contraction of circular muscles cuases body to narrow and lengthen
  • Alternate waves of contraction or peristalsis allows efficient burrowing
  • Swimming annelids use undulatory movements (muscles)
  • Segmentation is good because they can break and regrow
    o Gut not repeated but it goes down the middle

Animal Diversity (6 decks)

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