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phylum ochrophyta Flashcards

brown algae, lectures 6 & 7

1
Q

kingdom plantae

A

phylum chlorophyta and phylum rhodophyta

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2
Q

kingdom chromista

A

supergroup stramenopiles
phylum ochrophyta
class phaeophyceae

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3
Q

photosynthetic stramenopiles

A

biflagellate cells present for most taxa in either vegetative or reproductive cells
heterokonts
unicellular or colonial or multicellular or filamentous
pseudoparenchymatous or parenchymatous
microscopic to the largest of the algae
freshwater and marine
planktonic and benthic
very diverse
believed to be monophyletic having a common ancestor due to origin of organelles

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4
Q

biflagellate cells

A

2 flagella

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5
Q

heterokonts

A

different sized flagella
one bearing hairs for sense
one for swimming

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6
Q

parenchymatous

A

form of cell tissue layers similar to land plants
more complex

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7
Q

supergroup stremenopila

A

brown algae and similar pigmented relatives (diatoms, golden brown algae, protists
named for distinctive straw-like hairs on one of the two flagella
long flagellum is long and tripartate with hairs
short flagellum is smooth and not tripartate

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8
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

red algal cell becomes the symbiont within another eukaryotic cell
plastids enclosed by FOUR membranes corresponding to algal cell wall and host cell wall

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9
Q

when did brown algae first arise

A

5000 million years ago
much later than cyanobacteria and green algae

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10
Q

photosynthetic stramenopiles cellular characteristics

A

standard eukaryotic cells
no multinucleate taxa (cells typically small with one nucleus each)
storage product of chrysolaminarin, laminarin, or leucosin (starches) –> dissolved in vacuoles, cytoplasmic lipid droplets
distinctive plastids and flagella

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11
Q

typical brown algae cell

A

unusual membrane system around chloroplast (encompasses the nucleus —> chloroplatic endoplasmic reticulum)
pyrenoid large, stalked and surrounded by laminarin starch —> produces and stores storage compounds
chloroplasts have grana- stacks of 3’s, 3 layers of thylakoids

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12
Q

preiplastidal endoplasmic reticulum (PER)

A

holds plastids
also known as CER
extensions of endoplasmic reticulum that envelop plastids and are sometimes connected to the nuclear envelope

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13
Q

photosynthetic stramenopiles pigments

A

chlorophyll a as reaction center
chlorophyll c occurs in stroma
B-carotene as yellow accessory
xanthophyll fucoxanthin contributes to yellow-brown coloration

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14
Q

Class Phaeophyceae

A

300 genera, >1500 species
no unicellular
uniseriate filaments to giant kelps
some are more complex than others
some have plasmodesmata

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15
Q

plasmodesmata

A

specialized transport cells
similar to sieve elements in flowering plants
transport products from photosynthesis to different parts of the body
generated during cytokinesis, present in cross walls of all brown algal cells
cells retain cell to cell connection
symplastic communication

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16
Q

phaeophyceae importance

A

symbiotic in marine lichens
some form entire ecosystems that support many species
highest productivity rates (1 kg C m- 2 year)
growth up to 2 ft/day
some species are annuals and others are perennial
life span up to 15 years
large algal biomass
highly successful in cold temperate waters
tissue supported by abundant nutrients in upwelling waters
not in tropical waters for larger taxa

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17
Q

cell wall structure for phaeophyceae

A

fibers of rigid cellulose within fibrils within cell walls
gels of flexible polysaccharides as alginate —> help retain moisture and not dry out/dessicate
help to be elastic and move while dealing with hydrodynamics

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18
Q

physodes

A

may be in phaeophyceae
form of inducible herbivore defense
cytoplasmic spheres that contain polychenolic compounds/polymers
produced in epidermal or reproductive cells by Golgi apparatus and ER
migrate through the cytoplasm to cell surface and secrete their contents
when surface is agitated, can initiate this migration
polyphenolics interfere with nerve and muscle function in animals —> can disrupt or damage invertebrate taxa that are feeding
may also act as sunscreens due to high light

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19
Q

growth forms of phaeophyceae

A

filamentous
aggregates of filaments (pseudoparenchyma)
parenchyma

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20
Q

pseudoparenchyma

A

tissue made of interwoven filaments

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21
Q

parenchyma

A

tissue similar to land plants
results of cells dividing in more than one plane
3d growth forms
typically 2 layers —> outer cortex (pigmented) & inner medulla (nonpigmented, typically larger)

22
Q

where growth can occur

A

diffuse
meristematic —> apical or intercalary
trichothallic

23
Q

diffuse

A

no localized meristematic region
cell division throughout the thallus

24
Q

apical meristem

A

from top cell/top of thallus
growth originates from an apical cell dividing
most simple in uniseriate filaments
or more than one cell dividing in additional directions (3D tissue)

25
intercalary meristem
region of cell division other than apical cell somewhere in middle, not at tip
26
meristoderm
between stipe and blade ---> tissues in 2d ---> increases girth help for stipes to grow thicker support
27
trichothallic growth
meristem that occurs at the base of a hair
28
phaeophyceae reproduction
asexual: fragmentation, zoospores sexual: most have sporic alternation of generations, flagellated spores or gametes, larger multicellular sporophytes and small filamentous gametophytes some gametic life cycles
29
types of flagellated reproductive cells
asexual zoospores meiospores gametes laterally inserted not posteriorly heterokonts tripartate
30
long heterokont flagella
have hairs to propel through water to swim
31
small heterokont flagella
sense chemicals in environment sperm can sense phermones of female eggs looking for place to settle
32
specialized sporangia
structures that house spores uniocular or pluriocular
33
Order Ectocarpales
used to be scytosiphonales simple branched filaments with apical or intercalary meristems to parenchymatous sheets, tubes, or hollow sacs diffuse and/or apical growth sporic meiosis, isomorphic alternation of generations
34
ectocarpus
order ectocarpales common worldwide uniseriate filaments long irregular chloroplasts diffuse growth
35
colpomenia
order ectocarpales sac of parenchyma bulbous hairs in pits 1-2 cell cortex 5-6 cell medulla
36
hydroclathrus
order ectocarpales heteromorphic with filamentous sporophyte saccate parenchyma has holes with age not as bulbous/smooth hairs in sunken pits 1-2 cell cortex 3-6 cell medulla
37
scytosiphon
order ectocarpales parenchymatous tube hollow, looks like sausage links unbranched discoid holdfast heteromorphic sporophyte is a crust
38
petalonia
order ectocarpales simple parenchymatous blade or blades 5-10 cm in length very common on high intertidal rocks heteromorphic alternation of generations crustose base
39
Order Sphacelariales
branched multiseriate filaments above with parenchymatous tissue below apical and intercalary meristem conspicuous apical cell isomorphic alternation of generations, sporic meiosis small tufts, dark brown and filamentous distinctive asexual propagules
40
propagules
deciduous branches that fall off of the adult and help with asexual reproduction order sphacelariales shape links to species identities
41
sphacelaria
order sphacelariales parenchymatous growth with large apical cell iso alternation of generations propagules uniocular and pluriocular structure with spores
42
Order Dictyotales
both in cold water and tropical environments isomorphic alternation of generations apical growth by one cell or cluster at top of thallus perfect dichotomies as they continue to divide parenchyma tissue 3 cells thick in cross section many discoid chloroplasts per cell no pyrenoids non-flagelled spores uniflagellate sperm iridescence common
43
dictyopteris
order dictyotales multiple meristems of multiple apical cells (cluster/dense appearance) produce wings or lamina produce midribs sporangia dichotomous branching SD: Dictyopteris undulata
44
zonaria
order dictyotales fan shaped blades 8 cells thick short row of marginal apical cells parallel rows of hairs cover surface giving ringed appearance SD: zonaria farlowii
45
lobophora
order dictyotales tropical fan shapes/foliose form attached in deeper water prostrate form attached to substrate in shallow water sheets or blades with margin of apical cell growth
46
padina
order dictyotales tropical fan shaped calcification on "sunny side: adaptation to deal with sun/ high light conditions
47
Order Laminariales
7 families, 130 species kelp forming habitats in temperate waters around the globe, no tropical iodine accumulation (supplements in foods) heteromorphic alternation of generations, macro sporophyte parenchymatous tissue holdfast, stipe, blade blades can be entire or dissected, one or many pneumatocysts in some taxa apical growth and intercalary meristem between stipe and blade meristoderm plasmodesmata and specialized cells
48
frond
branch containing many blades
49
lamina
large blade
50
conducting cells in laminariales
produce carbohydrates that are stored as mannitol and laminarin support the growth of new tissues translocation from photosynthetic areas to base of alga huge difference in light environments and photosynthetic capacity between different parts of canopy basal blades import photosynthates

SIO 183 (4 decks)

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