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phylum chlorophyta Flashcards

green algae, lectures 4 and 5

1
Q

monophyletic group

A

with land plants, green algae have this in common
ancestral green algae as ancestor to all terrestrial/true plants and chlorophyta

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2
Q

unifying features between green algae and plants

A

flagellated cells at some point in their life cycle
distinctive star shaped pattern where flagella insert into cell (actual structure varies by group)
mitochondria display flattened cristae
all have plastids, photosynthetic pigments, light harvesting pigments

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3
Q

flagellated cells

A

green algae and land plants have at some point in their lives
possess 2 or multiples of 2 flagella usually of equal length
structure, position, and type of cell division are used to classify classes for green algae

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4
Q

general characteristics of chlorophyta

A

vary in size from micro to macro
eukaryotes
occupy a variety of habitats (drifters, benthic, single-celled) - most environments
some species are biogeochemically important carbonate producers
some are important in modern and renewable fuels
bloom forming species under eutrophic or naturally high nutrient conditions
symbionts to invertebrates
economic wealth for food, drugs, supplements

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5
Q

when did first green algae arrive

A

Precambrian
1.6 billion years ago
younger than cyanobacteria

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6
Q

how many different green algae

A

diverse phylum with > 10,000 described species
~ 5,000 current species recognized
eukaryotic

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7
Q

eukaryotic photosynthetic cells

A

cell wall in addition to cell or plasma membrane
membrane bound light harvesting organelles —> chloroplasts

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8
Q

photoautotrophic

A

what green algae are
photosynthetic and get energy from the sun
process energy with membrane bound organelles —> chloroplasts and mitochondria

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9
Q

how organelles arose

A

from endosymbiotic events with a eukaryotic cell and a cyanobacterium

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10
Q

primary endosymbiosis evidence

A

size of plastids and bacteria
mode of reproduction (binary fission, must come from existing organelle)
have own DNA similar to bacteria (single and circular)
chemically distinct membranes (inner from outer, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic)
have own protein synthesizing machinery (ribosomes)
molecular evidence
multiple events to cause there to be a greater number of membranes wrapping organelles

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11
Q

green algal chloroplasts

A

2 membranes
thylakoid membranes stack within the grana surrounded by matrix (stroma - empty space)
produce and store starch in the stroma —> carbohydrate used for energy, product of photosynthesis
photosynthetic pigments embedded in thylakoid membrane

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12
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

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13
Q

stroma

A

empty space in chloroplast where starch is stored for energy

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14
Q

chlorophyll a

A

green algal light harvesting compound
reaction center pigment

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15
Q

accessory pigments for green algae

A

chlorophyll b (siphonoxanthin, siphonein)
carotenoids and UV absorbing molecules —> help with photoreception

can help with light harvesting but does not actually photosynthesize
want to capture light energy and transfer to chlorophyll a
from higher to lower energy

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16
Q

coloration of green algae

A

primarily absorb red and blue and reflect green to indicate color of thallus
type and amount of accessory pigments dictate absorption of other wavelengths
cells may have one or millions of chloroplasts

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17
Q

chloroplast shapes

A

can help dictate taxa
stellate “star shaped”
ribbon like
spiral
discoid

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18
Q

different morphologies in chlorophytes

A

unicells
colonies
filaments
sheets/blades/tubes
network of filaments/lattice
complex multicellular
coenocytic/siphonous (large one cell)

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19
Q

reproduction in algae

A

asexual —> mitotic zoospores, fission, fragmentation (multicellular), autocolony formation
sexual —> zygotic, gametic, sporic meiosis, alternation of generations, isomorphic and heteromorphic

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20
Q

haploid

A

one copy of chromosomes

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21
Q

diploid

A

2 copies of chromosomes

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22
Q

isomorphic

A

same morphology

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23
Q

heteromorphic

A

different morphology

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24
Q

isogamous

A

same sized gametes

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25
anisogamous
different sized gametes
26
oogamous
production of eggs
27
gametes
always haploid male and female
28
zygote
diploid always from fertilization
29
alternation of generations
more than one adult phase sporic meiosis
30
zygotic meiosis
meiosis occurs at the zygote after fertilization individual ---> gametes --fertilization---> zygote ----meiosis ----> cells ---mitosis ---> individuals only common at very simple life stages
31
gametic meiosis
meiosis occurs going from individual to gametes individual ---meiosis ---> gametes ---fertilization---> zygote ---mitosis---> individual ex: Caulerpa
32
sporic meiosis
meiosis happens from sporophyte to spores sporophyte---meiosis--->spores(1N) ----mitosis--->gametophytes(1N)--->gametes(1N)--->zygote(2N)--mitosis--->sporophyte(2N) ex: Ulva
33
advantage of sporic meiosis
2 freeliving stages in one cycle more copies can be made/increases stability in aquatic environment
34
heteromorphic generations
sporophyte and gametophytes look vastly different
35
reproduction
macroscopic/adult phases produce either gametes or spores gametes usually male and female, fertilization of haploid gametes ALWAYS results in diploid zygote
36
streptophyta
ancestral lineage that gave rise to all land/terrestrial plants includes core chlorophytes
37
chlorophyta
green algal linage that includes multi and unicellular representatives three main classes: Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, & Chlorophyceae
38
Class Ulvophyceae
mostly marine diverged earliest unti or multicellular macroscopic 4 distinct orders: Ulvales, Cladophorales, Dasycladales, Bryopsidales >1000 genera >1100 species ex: Ulva, Enteromorpha
39
Class Trebouxiophyceae
mostly terrestrial or freshwater unicellular not many distinct characteristics ex: Chlorella (targeted of biofuels)
40
Class Chlorophyceae
mostly freshwater unicellular or colonial ex: Chlamydomonas, Volvox (have flagella)
41
Order Chlamydomonadales
unicells to colonial all cells appear virtually identical flagella
42
Order Ulvales/Ulotrichales
gametophytes include unbranched/branched filaments with uninucleate cells or multinucleate blades or hollow tubes (uni or multinucleate) growth typically diffuse, all cells can divide Ulva, Enteromorpha, Ulvella, Monostroma isomorphic alternation of generations, sporic meiosis
43
endophtic
growing inside of something
44
epiphytic
growing on top of others
45
monostromaceae
blade, one cell thick Ulvales
46
ulvaceae
blades 2 cell layers thick as a sheet or tube many species in SD, estuaries and wetlands
47
Ulva sheet forming morphology
sheets two cells thick surface cells irregularly oriented diffuse growth benthic with small holdfast, some drift/float
48
Ulva tube forming morphology
formerly Enteromorpha sheets that are hollow in the middle 1 cell thick surface cells irregularly oriented diffuse growth benthic with small holdfast, some drift/float
49
meiosis
sexual cell dividion produces gametes 4 phases
50
mitosis
2 daughter cells identical
51
Order Cladophorales / Siphonocladales
multinucleate and multicellular allows growth to macroscopic levels nuclei visible to the naked eye 30 genera, 425 species branched/unbranched filaments sheets/nets/spherical vesicles vegetative cells are coenocytic (multinucleate) Cladophora, Chaetomorpha, Valonia, Dictyosphaeria
52
sexual reproduction
eukaryote cell division leading to reduction in # of chromosomes formation of gametes
53
coenocytic
large multinucleate cells lots of nuclear division
54
cladophorales
bodies are consistently divided by cross walls (septa) to form multicellular filaments large rectangular cells with many nuclei may see with naked eye
55
siphonocladales
bodies are coenocytic (lacking septa) early in development but undergo segregative cell division (unique to this algae)
56
segregative cell division
asexual, not meiosis units of cytoplasm simultaneously become surrounded by cell wall material eventually have many cells early stages are coenocytic and vulnerable to damage giant cells growth on many different planes all stages have many nuclei
57
Chaetomorpha
order cladophorales large barrel shaped cells unbranched, uniseriate filaments with distinct, large holdfast cell 3 species in SD
58
Cladophora
order cladophorales filaments slightly to profusely branched erect, plants usually in soft to stiff clumps attached or floating large multinucleate cells in branched filaments
59
rhizoclonium
order cladophorales uniseriate filaments with or without short rhizoidal branches plants not tufted mainly unattached or lying loosely on rocks cells multinucleate
60
siphonocladus
tropical, order cladophorales monospecific segregative cell division
61
dictyosphaeria
tropical, order cladophorales segregative cell division irregular shapes via space filling mode of growth and cell expansion bubble algae, each bubble is a cell
62
valonia
tropical, order cladophorales large vesicle cells segregative cell dividion anchoring rhizoids
63
Order Bryopsidales/Caulerpales
unique and very diverse multinucleate SINGLE cell cross walls not formed until reproduction, coenocytic, siphonous simple tube with many nuclei and chloroplasts to multisiphon mostly tropical, some temperate uni or multi axial sand/soft sediment substrate ~26 genera Halimeda, Codium, Caulerpa
64
siphon
tube containing cellular material lacking cross walls aside from sites of reproductive cell formation
65
uniaxial
consisting of a single siphon branched or unbranched delicate adapted to healing ---> after wounded
66
multiaxial
single siphon branches profusely into multiple branchlike "siphonous" proliferations each enlarges and undergoes further branching interwoven siphons make up thallus unicellular, no cross walls spongy due to woven nature with or without calcium carbonate utricles many have medulla-internal colorless region (chloroplasts move at night)
67
utricles
swollen outer sections of siphon
68
medulla-internal colorless region
chloroplasts move/retract at night migrate out during the day to 'catch' sunlight and photosynthesize avoid being eaten by retracting
69
holdfast
single, anchoring point often large
70
rhizoids
many anchoring points common in sprawling thalli can grow laterally and vertically small, hairlike/rootlike features that attach algae to bottom
71
stolon
like runners going across substrate attached to rhizoids horizontal
72
Bryopsis plumosa
order caulerpales uniaxial hair algae can grow rapidly can get cut and chloroplasts/cellular material spills out but it heals
73
bulbous
forming a holdfast that can anchor in the sand
74
caulerpenyne
highly reactive compound cross links cellular proteins to form wound plug (also serve as herbivore deterrent) clotting wounds common with Caulerpales plants
75
order caulerpales reproduction
asexual: fragmentation (not apical, allow species to be prolific) sexual: mostly gametic ---> sexual fusion of anisogametes holocarpic or non-holocarpic some mass spawn
76
holocarpic
gamete production uses all of the cytoplasm and contents plants dies after release of gametes
77
nonhalocarpic
gametes are produced in area separated from rest of cytoplasm by wall or septa
78
mass spawn
release all gametes at once and then leave with calcium structure
79
Bryopsis
order caulerpales 1 to many primary axes single tube ---> opposite or alternate branching or all all around axis radial or pinnate lateral branches that are constricted at base sporic meiosis gametophyte dominant, sporophyte microscopic anisogametes erect axes branched from all sides appearing tufted or feathery branchlets shorter towards apex
80
Rhipidosiphon
order caulerpales tropical fan like blade minute simple lightly calcified gametes from internal siphons (gametotangia) gametotangia may equal length of adult siphon biflagellate gametes holocarpic reproduction populations reproduce simultaneously
81
ostreobium
order caulerpales inside living coral skeletons tropical reef building corals only add some symbiotic advantage endolithic
82
caulerpa
order caulerpales highly common in tropics can grow very prolifically differentiated into prostrate stolon and erect fronds and attachment rhizoids single massive siphon gametic meiosis holocarpic reproduction species differ in frond shape (paddles, irregular, etc.)
83
Caulerpa taxifolia
deemed most invasive seaweed species in the world illegal to possess in california grew through more fragmentation came back to CA from people dumping home aquariums into the bay (prolifera)
84
codium
order caulerpales various forms from crustose to branched entertwined siphons forming colorless medulla and pigmented cortex reproductive structures (gametangia) arise on utricles highly variable form, felt-like texture due to interwoven siphons uncalcified simple gametic life cycle across tropics and temperate environments most common as unbranched and spongy
85
halimeda
order cauleraples may be most abundant genera in tropics multiaxial interwoven siphons composed of inner medulla and outer cortex of utricles calcium carbonate deposited between siphons (calcified) produces sand in tropics joints not calcified and allows for flexibility gametic meiosis can grow very quickly holocarpic reproduction compound gametangia clusters chloroplasts migrate at night to avoid losing body structures sand grower, sprawler, rock grower
86
penicillus
order caulerpales multiaxial taxa paint brush or neptunes shaving brush siphons fused at base, loose above bulbous holdfast for anchoring calcified holocarpic seagrass beds where they grow
87
udotea
order caulerpales plants siphonous either free or aggregating into complex bodies of fans or cups calcified reproduction unknown seagrass beds
88
gametangia
structures where gametes are formed on adults
89
Order Dasycladales
siphonous uninucleate diploid cell until fertile (then multicellular) one nucleus resides near holdfast many plastids some calcified radial symmetry in branching cap formation ---> sign of reproduction alga begins to produce rays that hold gametes gametic meiosis 11 genera, 38 species
90
kleptoplasty in green algae
algae allow invertebrates to steal chloroplasts/plastids ex: sea slugs, to become solar powered invertebrates

SIO 183 (4 decks)

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