Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SIO 183 > phylum chlorophyta > Flashcards

phylum chlorophyta Flashcards

green algae, lectures 4 and 5

1
Q

monophyletic group

A

with land plants, green algae have this in common
ancestral green algae as ancestor to all terrestrial/true plants and chlorophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

unifying features between green algae and plants

A

flagellated cells at some point in their life cycle
distinctive star shaped pattern where flagella insert into cell (actual structure varies by group)
mitochondria display flattened cristae
all have plastids, photosynthetic pigments, light harvesting pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

flagellated cells

A

green algae and land plants have at some point in their lives
possess 2 or multiples of 2 flagella usually of equal length
structure, position, and type of cell division are used to classify classes for green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

general characteristics of chlorophyta

A

vary in size from micro to macro
eukaryotes
occupy a variety of habitats (drifters, benthic, single-celled) - most environments
some species are biogeochemically important carbonate producers
some are important in modern and renewable fuels
bloom forming species under eutrophic or naturally high nutrient conditions
symbionts to invertebrates
economic wealth for food, drugs, supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when did first green algae arrive

A

Precambrian
1.6 billion years ago
younger than cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many different green algae

A

diverse phylum with > 10,000 described species
~ 5,000 current species recognized
eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

eukaryotic photosynthetic cells

A

cell wall in addition to cell or plasma membrane
membrane bound light harvesting organelles —> chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

photoautotrophic

A

what green algae are
photosynthetic and get energy from the sun
process energy with membrane bound organelles —> chloroplasts and mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how organelles arose

A

from endosymbiotic events with a eukaryotic cell and a cyanobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primary endosymbiosis evidence

A

size of plastids and bacteria
mode of reproduction (binary fission, must come from existing organelle)
have own DNA similar to bacteria (single and circular)
chemically distinct membranes (inner from outer, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic)
have own protein synthesizing machinery (ribosomes)
molecular evidence
multiple events to cause there to be a greater number of membranes wrapping organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

green algal chloroplasts

A

2 membranes
thylakoid membranes stack within the grana surrounded by matrix (stroma - empty space)
produce and store starch in the stroma —> carbohydrate used for energy, product of photosynthesis
photosynthetic pigments embedded in thylakoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stroma

A

empty space in chloroplast where starch is stored for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chlorophyll a

A

green algal light harvesting compound
reaction center pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

accessory pigments for green algae

A

chlorophyll b (siphonoxanthin, siphonein)
carotenoids and UV absorbing molecules —> help with photoreception

can help with light harvesting but does not actually photosynthesize
want to capture light energy and transfer to chlorophyll a
from higher to lower energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

coloration of green algae

A

primarily absorb red and blue and reflect green to indicate color of thallus
type and amount of accessory pigments dictate absorption of other wavelengths
cells may have one or millions of chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chloroplast shapes

A

can help dictate taxa
stellate “star shaped”
ribbon like
spiral
discoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

different morphologies in chlorophytes

A

unicells
colonies
filaments
sheets/blades/tubes
network of filaments/lattice
complex multicellular
coenocytic/siphonous (large one cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

reproduction in algae

A

asexual —> mitotic zoospores, fission, fragmentation (multicellular), autocolony formation
sexual —> zygotic, gametic, sporic meiosis, alternation of generations, isomorphic and heteromorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

haploid

A

one copy of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

diploid

A

2 copies of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

isomorphic

A

same morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

heteromorphic

A

different morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

isogamous

A

same sized gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

anisogamous

A

different sized gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

oogamous

A

production of eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

gametes

A

always haploid
male and female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

zygote

A

diploid always
from fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

alternation of generations

A

more than one adult phase
sporic meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

zygotic meiosis

A

meiosis occurs at the zygote after fertilization
individual —> gametes –fertilization—> zygote —-meiosis —-> cells —mitosis —> individuals

only common at very simple life stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

gametic meiosis

A

meiosis occurs going from individual to gametes
individual —meiosis —> gametes —fertilization—> zygote —mitosis—> individual

ex: Caulerpa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sporic meiosis

A

meiosis happens from sporophyte to spores
sporophyte—meiosis—>spores(1N) —-mitosis—>gametophytes(1N)—>gametes(1N)—>zygote(2N)–mitosis—>sporophyte(2N)

ex: Ulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

advantage of sporic meiosis

A

2 freeliving stages in one cycle
more copies can be made/increases stability in aquatic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

heteromorphic generations

A

sporophyte and gametophytes look vastly different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

reproduction

A

macroscopic/adult phases produce either gametes or spores
gametes usually male and female,
fertilization of haploid gametes ALWAYS results in diploid zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

streptophyta

A

ancestral lineage that gave rise to all land/terrestrial plants
includes core chlorophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

chlorophyta

A

green algal linage that includes multi and unicellular representatives
three main classes: Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, & Chlorophyceae

38
Q

Class Ulvophyceae

A

mostly marine
diverged earliest
unti or multicellular
macroscopic
4 distinct orders: Ulvales, Cladophorales, Dasycladales, Bryopsidales
>1000 genera
>1100 species

ex: Ulva, Enteromorpha

39
Q

Class Trebouxiophyceae

A

mostly terrestrial or freshwater
unicellular
not many distinct characteristics

ex: Chlorella (targeted of biofuels)

40
Q

Class Chlorophyceae

A

mostly freshwater
unicellular or colonial

ex: Chlamydomonas, Volvox (have flagella)

41
Q

Order Chlamydomonadales

A

unicells to colonial
all cells appear virtually identical
flagella

42
Q

Order Ulvales/Ulotrichales

A

gametophytes include
unbranched/branched filaments with uninucleate cells or multinucleate
blades or hollow tubes (uni or multinucleate)
growth typically diffuse, all cells can divide

Ulva, Enteromorpha, Ulvella, Monostroma

isomorphic alternation of generations, sporic meiosis

43
Q

endophtic

A

growing inside of something

44
Q

epiphytic

A

growing on top of others

45
Q

monostromaceae

A

blade, one cell thick
Ulvales

46
Q

ulvaceae

A

blades 2 cell layers thick as a sheet or tube
many species in SD, estuaries and wetlands

47
Q

Ulva sheet forming morphology

A

sheets two cells thick
surface cells irregularly oriented
diffuse growth
benthic with small holdfast, some drift/float

48
Q

Ulva tube forming morphology

A

formerly Enteromorpha
sheets that are hollow in the middle
1 cell thick
surface cells irregularly oriented
diffuse growth
benthic with small holdfast, some drift/float

49
Q

meiosis

A

sexual cell dividion
produces gametes
4 phases

50
Q

mitosis

A

2 daughter cells
identical

51
Q

Order Cladophorales / Siphonocladales

A

multinucleate and multicellular
allows growth to macroscopic levels
nuclei visible to the naked eye

30 genera, 425 species
branched/unbranched filaments
sheets/nets/spherical vesicles
vegetative cells are coenocytic (multinucleate)

Cladophora, Chaetomorpha, Valonia, Dictyosphaeria

52
Q

sexual reproduction

A

eukaryote cell division leading to reduction in # of chromosomes
formation of gametes

53
Q

coenocytic

A

large multinucleate cells
lots of nuclear division

54
Q

cladophorales

A

bodies are consistently divided by cross walls (septa) to form multicellular filaments
large rectangular cells with many nuclei
may see with naked eye

55
Q

siphonocladales

A

bodies are coenocytic (lacking septa) early in development but undergo segregative cell division (unique to this algae)

56
Q

segregative cell division

A

asexual, not meiosis
units of cytoplasm simultaneously become surrounded by cell wall material
eventually have many cells
early stages are coenocytic and vulnerable to damage
giant cells
growth on many different planes
all stages have many nuclei

57
Q

Chaetomorpha

A

order cladophorales
large barrel shaped cells
unbranched, uniseriate filaments with distinct, large holdfast cell
3 species in SD

58
Q

Cladophora

A

order cladophorales
filaments slightly to profusely branched
erect, plants usually in soft to stiff clumps
attached or floating
large multinucleate cells in branched filaments

59
Q

rhizoclonium

A

order cladophorales
uniseriate filaments with or without short rhizoidal branches
plants not tufted
mainly unattached or lying loosely on rocks
cells multinucleate

60
Q

siphonocladus

A

tropical, order cladophorales
monospecific
segregative cell division

61
Q

dictyosphaeria

A

tropical, order cladophorales
segregative cell division
irregular shapes via space filling mode of growth and cell expansion
bubble algae, each bubble is a cell

62
Q

valonia

A

tropical, order cladophorales
large vesicle cells
segregative cell dividion
anchoring rhizoids

63
Q

Order Bryopsidales/Caulerpales

A

unique and very diverse
multinucleate SINGLE cell
cross walls not formed until reproduction, coenocytic, siphonous
simple tube with many nuclei and chloroplasts to multisiphon
mostly tropical, some temperate
uni or multi axial
sand/soft sediment substrate
~26 genera

Halimeda, Codium, Caulerpa

64
Q

siphon

A

tube containing cellular material
lacking cross walls aside from sites of reproductive cell formation

65
Q

uniaxial

A

consisting of a single siphon
branched or unbranched
delicate
adapted to healing —> after wounded

66
Q

multiaxial

A

single siphon branches profusely into multiple branchlike “siphonous” proliferations
each enlarges and undergoes further branching
interwoven siphons make up thallus

unicellular, no cross walls
spongy due to woven nature
with or without calcium carbonate
utricles
many have medulla-internal colorless region (chloroplasts move at night)

67
Q

utricles

A

swollen outer sections of siphon

68
Q

medulla-internal colorless region

A

chloroplasts move/retract at night
migrate out during the day to ‘catch’ sunlight and photosynthesize
avoid being eaten by retracting

69
Q

holdfast

A

single, anchoring point
often large

70
Q

rhizoids

A

many anchoring points
common in sprawling thalli
can grow laterally and vertically
small, hairlike/rootlike features that attach algae to bottom

71
Q

stolon

A

like runners going across substrate
attached to rhizoids
horizontal

72
Q

Bryopsis plumosa

A

order caulerpales
uniaxial
hair algae
can grow rapidly
can get cut and chloroplasts/cellular material spills out but it heals

73
Q

bulbous

A

forming a holdfast that can anchor in the sand

74
Q

caulerpenyne

A

highly reactive compound cross links cellular proteins to form wound plug (also serve as herbivore deterrent)
clotting
wounds common with Caulerpales plants

75
Q

order caulerpales reproduction

A

asexual: fragmentation (not apical, allow species to be prolific)
sexual: mostly gametic —> sexual fusion of anisogametes
holocarpic or non-holocarpic
some mass spawn

76
Q

holocarpic

A

gamete production uses all of the cytoplasm and contents
plants dies after release of gametes

77
Q

nonhalocarpic

A

gametes are produced in area separated from rest of cytoplasm by wall or septa

78
Q

mass spawn

A

release all gametes at once and then leave with calcium structure

79
Q

Bryopsis

A

order caulerpales
1 to many primary axes
single tube —> opposite or alternate branching or all all around axis
radial or pinnate lateral branches that are constricted at base
sporic meiosis
gametophyte dominant, sporophyte microscopic
anisogametes
erect axes branched from all sides appearing tufted or feathery
branchlets shorter towards apex

80
Q

Rhipidosiphon

A

order caulerpales
tropical
fan like blade
minute
simple
lightly calcified
gametes from internal siphons (gametotangia)
gametotangia may equal length of adult siphon
biflagellate gametes
holocarpic reproduction
populations reproduce simultaneously

81
Q

ostreobium

A

order caulerpales
inside living coral skeletons
tropical reef building corals
only add some symbiotic advantage
endolithic

82
Q

caulerpa

A

order caulerpales
highly common in tropics
can grow very prolifically
differentiated into prostrate stolon and erect fronds and attachment rhizoids
single massive siphon
gametic meiosis
holocarpic reproduction
species differ in frond shape (paddles, irregular, etc.)

83
Q

Caulerpa taxifolia

A

deemed most invasive seaweed species in the world
illegal to possess in california
grew through more fragmentation
came back to CA from people dumping home aquariums into the bay (prolifera)

84
Q

codium

A

order caulerpales
various forms from crustose to branched
entertwined siphons forming colorless medulla and pigmented cortex
reproductive structures (gametangia) arise on utricles
highly variable form, felt-like texture due to interwoven siphons
uncalcified
simple gametic life cycle
across tropics and temperate environments
most common as unbranched and spongy

85
Q

halimeda

A

order cauleraples
may be most abundant genera in tropics
multiaxial
interwoven siphons composed of inner medulla and outer cortex of utricles
calcium carbonate deposited between siphons (calcified)
produces sand in tropics
joints not calcified and allows for flexibility
gametic meiosis
can grow very quickly
holocarpic reproduction
compound gametangia clusters
chloroplasts migrate at night to avoid losing body structures
sand grower, sprawler, rock grower

86
Q

penicillus

A

order caulerpales
multiaxial taxa
paint brush or neptunes shaving brush
siphons fused at base, loose above
bulbous holdfast for anchoring
calcified
holocarpic
seagrass beds where they grow

87
Q

udotea

A

order caulerpales
plants siphonous either free or aggregating into complex bodies of fans or cups
calcified
reproduction unknown
seagrass beds

88
Q

gametangia

A

structures where gametes are formed on adults

89
Q

Order Dasycladales

A

siphonous uninucleate diploid cell until fertile (then multicellular)
one nucleus resides near holdfast
many plastids
some calcified
radial symmetry in branching
cap formation —> sign of reproduction
alga begins to produce rays that hold gametes
gametic meiosis
11 genera, 38 species

90
Q

kleptoplasty in green algae

A

algae allow invertebrates to steal chloroplasts/plastids

ex: sea slugs, to become solar powered invertebrates

SIO 183 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions