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PARASITOLOGY LEC > Phylum Nematoda > Flashcards

Phylum Nematoda Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant animal on earth

A

Roundworms

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2
Q

male and female worm

A

Dioecious

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3
Q

True or False : male is longer than female worm

A

False

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4
Q

Round worms are __________,_________ and _________.

A

Free living in soil, marine and freshwater habitat

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5
Q

How many species does roundworms has?

A

500,000

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6
Q

Nonsegmented, cylindrical, tapered at both ends

A

Roundworms

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7
Q

BODY COVERING: cuticle with longitudinal muscles

A

Roundworms

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8
Q

BODY CAVITY: (pseudocoel)

A

complete digestive tract with both oral and anal openings.

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9
Q

Roundworms: Mouth is provided with

A

spines, hooks, cutting plates, stylets, or other structures for attachment or penetration of tissue

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10
Q

Roundworms : Reproductive organs are

A

are tubular and lie coiled in the body cavity.

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11
Q

Roundworms fertilization is __________

A

Internal

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12
Q

In male roundworm they have _________ for copulation.

A

Chitinized spicules

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13
Q

Separate classes of nematodes

A

Aphasmidea
Phasmidea

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14
Q

Papillae:

A

Sensory hairs at the head and tail

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15
Q

_________:________ end (amphids),
posterior end caudal (_______) nerve endings
that act as chemoreceptors.

A

Sensory organs
Anterior end caudal
Phasmids

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16
Q

Life cycle:

A

Egg stage
Larval stage
Adult age

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17
Q

Adult females:

A

Oviparous
Vivaparous
Parthenogenetic

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18
Q

Aphasmids

A

Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis

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19
Q

Phasmids

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworms
Enterobius vermicularis
Filarial worms

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20
Q

Habitat: small intestine

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworms
Capillaria philippinensis
Trichinella spiralis

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21
Q

Habitat: large intestine

A

Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis

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22
Q

Habitat: Tissue nematodes

A

Trichinella spiralis
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Onchocerca volvulus
Loa loa
Dirofilaria immitis Gnathostoma spinigerum

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23
Q

Habitat: larva migrans

A

Dracunculus medinensis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma braziliense

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24
Q

lays eggs, often excreted outside the host through the stool

A

Oviparous

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25
Q

Example of oviparous

A

Ascaris
Trichuris

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26
Q

forms eggs within the parasite,
then births larvae instead of eggs within the host

A

Viviparous/Larviparous

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27
Q

Example of viviparous

A

Plasmodium

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28
Q

can produce an offspring without the male

A

Parthenogenetic

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29
Q

Example of parthenogenetic

A

Strongyloides

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30
Q

Psuedocel

A

Complete digestive tract with both oral and anal opeings

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31
Q

Parasite of the carnivorous mammals

A

Trichinella spiralis

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32
Q

Smallest nematode parasite of humans

A

Trichinella spiralis

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33
Q

Trichina worms is

A

Minute and threadlike

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34
Q

Trichinella is common in _______, ________ and _______

A

Rats, Swine fed with uncooked garbage, slaughterhouse scraps

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35
Q

Trichinella occur ________

A

Worldwide or cosmopolitan

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36
Q

Trichinella spiralis occurs in areas where __________

A

garbage containing pork scraps is fed to hogs

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37
Q

______ has the highest incidence report of trichinella spiralis

A

China

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38
Q

Genral characterisitcs of trichinella spiralis

A

Viviparous

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39
Q

These countries als reprted incidence rate of trichinella spiralis

A

France
Yugoslavia
Italy
Spain
Middle east
Africa

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40
Q

Infective stage of trchinella spiralis

A

Larva

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41
Q

Size of male adult worm

A

less than 2mm long (1.4-1.6mm x 40-60 μm)

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42
Q

_______ is found at caudal end which is evertible during coitus. → It is guarded by 2 conspicuous
______ which clasp
the female during copulation

A

Cloaca

conical papillae

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43
Q

In trichinella s male adult worm ______ is absent

A

Spicule

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44
Q

Trichinella spiralis posterior end is ________

A

Curved ventral

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45
Q

Sze of trichinella s female adult worm

A

less than 5mm (3-4mm x 60-80 μm)

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46
Q

______ opens at the anterior fifth of the body

A

Vulva

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47
Q

Single______ which contain the larva
Single_______ found near the posterior end. (caudal)

A

Uterus
Ovary

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48
Q

Size of the larva of trichinella spiralis

A

80-120μm x 5-6μm (100x6μm)

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49
Q

Larva excyst after the cyst are digested and
penetrate the im- develop to adult _______

A

(30-40 HRS)

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50
Q

diseases of trichinella spiralis

A

trichinosis
trcihiniasis
trichinellasis

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51
Q

MOT of trichinella spiralis

A

ingestion of carcasses with encysted larva (infected stage)

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52
Q

diagnostic test of trichinella spiralis

A

skeletal muscle biopsy
serologic test

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53
Q

Treatment for trichinella spiralis

A

● Mebendazole
● Thiabendazole
● Albendazole
● Prednisone

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54
Q

prevention and care for trichinella spiralis

A

Cook meat properly
Maintain proper sanitation
Education - public

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55
Q

clinical features of trichinella spiralis

A
  1. Mild to moderately severe symptoms within 2-7 days after ingestion.
    → gastroenteritis, diarrhea with or without abdominal pain for several weeks, weakness
  2. Fever and eosinophilia, leukocytosis is common but not always present
  3. Clinical sign – circumorbital edema(eyelids) appear on the 7th day
    → photophobia, diplopia, and other visual disturbances.
  4. Vasculitis – splinter hemorrhages underneath the nails.
  5. Muscle pain – (myalgia) sensitive to pressure
  6. CNS involvement-psychosis, meningoencephalitis, cva, brain tumor
  7. Myocarditis, pneumonitis
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56
Q

trichuris trichuria appearance is like a

A

whipworm

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57
Q

Trichuris trichuria:
-ANTERIOR 3/5 is very _________ houses the
esophagus.
-POSTERIOR 2/5 is thick and stout resembling the handle of a whip which houses the __________________

A

-thin and hair-like,
-intestine and reproductive organs

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58
Q

world wide distribution nematodes

A

ascaris l
trichuris trichuria
trichinella spiralis

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59
Q

Worldwide distribution (cosmopolitan) but common in tropical countries and in regions where sanitation is poor

A

trichuris trichuria

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60
Q

what is the Prevalence rate of trichuris trichuria in asia?

A

50-80%.

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61
Q

infective stage of trchuris trichuria

A

ova

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62
Q

what is the adult life span of male adult worm in trichuris?

A

1 year

63
Q

the female adult worm of trichuris produces ______ eggs daily

A

3,000-20,000

64
Q

what is the shape of the ova of the trichuris

A

Barrel – football-shaped in feces

65
Q

the ova is similar to hookworm

A

strongyloides

66
Q

color of the ova of trichuris

A

golden brown

67
Q

Intralaminar (refractile) prominences usually
referred to as ______ at either end.

A

polar plugs

68
Q

3 shells of trichuris

A
  1. chorionic layer,
  2. albuminous layer,
  3. bile-stained layer
69
Q

trichuris requires _____ weeks in soil to mature

A

3

70
Q

whatis the disease off trichuris

A

trichuriasis

71
Q

clinical feature of trichuris

A
  1. Asymptomatic-light infection
  2. Abdominal pain, distension, appendicitis
  3. Bloody or mucoid diarrhea
  4. Tenesmus (distressing urge to evacuate), weight loss and weakness - heavy infection
  5. Rectal prolapse (edematous rectum)
  6. Moderate eosinophilia
  7. Nutritional deficiency - stunted growth
72
Q

diagnostic test for trichuris

A

DFS - Direct Fecal Smear
Kato-Katz
FECT (Formalin-Ether Concentration Test)

73
Q

treatment of trichuris

A

● Mebendazole
● Albendazole
● Piperazine citrate
● Pyrantel pamoate
● Loperamide hydrochloride
(Imodium)

74
Q

prevention and care of trichuris

A

Proper hygiene - hand washing
Proper sanitation - disposal of feces
Avoid using fecal matter as fertilizer
Education - public

75
Q

circumorbital edema(eyelids) appear on the ____

A

7th day

76
Q

edematous rectum

A

rectal prolapse

77
Q

It was first recognixed in the philippines during ___

A

capillaria philippinensis
1963

78
Q

first patient is located at _____

A

bacarra, ilocos norte

79
Q

reservior host of the capillaria

A

migratory birds

80
Q

intermediate host of capillaria

A

fish

81
Q

___ - epidemic of capillaria in __________. where ____ became ill and ___ died

A

-1967
-pudoc, west tagudin, ilocos sur
-1,300
-90

82
Q

in capillaria adult worms are usually ______

A

slender anteriorly and stout posteriorly but tapering is gradual and less pronounced.

83
Q

capillaria occurs also in ?

A

philippines
egypt
taiwan
japan
iran
columbia
korea

84
Q

capillaria occurs also in ?

A

philippines
egypt
taiwan
japan
iran
columbia
korea

85
Q

it contributes to the transmission in capillaria

A

freshwater fish are eaten raw

86
Q

hepatic capillariases

A

c. hepatica

87
Q

c.aerophilia

A

pulmonary capillariasis

88
Q

what is the copulatory organ of male adult worm of capillaria

A

spicule

89
Q

Spicule protrudes through a
refractile penial sheath which has a bulbous termination covered with small recurved spines.

A

male adult worm (capillaria)

90
Q

2 types of female adult worm of capillaria

A

larviparous
oviparous

91
Q

(population build up)
▪ will repopulate species inside the host

A

larviparous

92
Q

(infection)
▪ will repopulate outside the host

A

oviparous

93
Q

shell is thick with striations hence peanut shape.

A

c. philippinesis

94
Q

Similar to trichuris egg but smaller and more oval in shape with ______ but are NOT protuberant

A

ova of capillaria p.
bipolar mucous plugs

95
Q

disease of c. philippinesis

A

instestinal capillariasis

96
Q

clincial features of c. philippinensis

A
  1. Abdominal pain
  2. Borborygmi
    → gurgling of the stomach
  3. Loss of wieght
  4. Vomiting
  5. Edema
  6. Hypoproteinemia
    → malabsorption due to destruction of intestinal wall
97
Q

diagnostic test of capillaria

A
  • Direct Fecal Smear - eggs are passed out in feces
  • Identification of larva and worm in stool
98
Q

treatment for cp

A

● Mebendazole
● Albendazole
● Fluid and electrolyte + high protein diet

99
Q

prevention and care for cp

A
  • Proper cooking of fresh water fish (IH)
  • Proper sanitation and disposal of feces
100
Q

_______ can be found in the _________________________ areas of the globe, under
conditions of poor sanitation and where feces are used for
fertilizers.

A

ascaris lumbricoides
temperate and tropical

101
Q

ascaris also known as _______ tribute to its resemblance to earthworm

A

giant intestinal round worm

102
Q

infective stage of ascaris

A

ova

103
Q

diagnostic stage of ascaris

A

unfetilized and fertilized egg

104
Q

in male adult worm of ascaris it has a terminal mouth with ___ lips w/a sensory papillae

A

3

105
Q

male adult worm of ascaris have ventrally curved posterior end with ____

A

2 spicules

106
Q

female adult worm of ascaris can lay _____ eggs/day

A

200,000

107
Q

found only in the absence of male

A

unfertilized egg

108
Q

true or false: unferlitized egg is more elongated than fertilized egg (ascaris)

A

true

109
Q

fertilized can hatch the larva within ___

A

14 days

110
Q

Outer albuminoid coating coarsely mamillated
which may be absent (decorticated)

A

fertilized

111
Q

Thin shelled w/ mammillated irregular coat filled
with refractile granules

A

unfertilized

112
Q

diseases of ascaris

A

-Ascariasis,
- Ascaris pneumonitis (Loeffler’s pneumonia/endocarditis/ syndrome),
- eosinophilic
pneumonia (parasitic infection)

113
Q

MOT of ascaris

A

Ingestion of fertilized ova - Infective stage (ST)

114
Q

clinical features of ascaris

A
  1. Bowel obstruction or obstruction of other organs (appendix) in heavy infection
  2. Asthma, pneumonitis - due to migration of the juvenile worm to the lungs
  3. Cardiac damage - eosinophilic granular proteins (lysozymes)
  4. Fever, malaise
  5. Abdominal distension and tenderness, vomiting
115
Q

diagnostic test of ascaris

A

● Direct Fecal Smear - eggs
● Kato-katz
● Recovery of worms in stool, sputum
● Radiographic images may also reveal their presence

116
Q

treatment of ascaris

A

● Mebendazole
● Albendazole
● Pyrantel pamoate
● Piperazine citrate

117
Q

prevention and care for ascaris

A
  • Proper hygiene -handwashing
    -Proper sanitation - disposal of feces
    -Avoid using fecal matter as fertilizers
    -Education - public
118
Q

THREADWORM

A

strongyloides

119
Q

Occurs in the tropical and subtropical areas of abundant rainfall. Loose sandy loam soil, ambient temperature.

A

strongyloides

120
Q

strongyloides is not parsitic by nature but only an ______

A

accidental parasite

121
Q

female adult worm of strongyloides has _____-

A

Free-living generation=male & female; parasitic generation=
parthenogenetic females

122
Q

male worms of strongyloides is ____ from the body early in the infection

A

eliminated

123
Q

definitive hosts of strongyloides

A

man
cat
dogs
other mammals

124
Q

true or false: Prevalence rate is higher compared to hookworm infection.

A

false

125
Q

infection may persist due to ____(strongyloides)

A

autoinfection

126
Q

male adult worm of strongyloides

A

● 0.7mm x .04 mm
● Free-living
● Smaller than the females
● Ventrally curved tail with
2 copulatory spicules a
gubernaculum
● NO caudal alae (wings)
● Does not persist in the
host because they are
killed by female worm
that enters the host

127
Q

free living female adult worm of strongyloides

A

● 1 mm x .06 mm
● Free-living; smaller than the parasitic
● Muscular double-bulbed esophagus
and the intestine is straight cylindrical
● Found in soil

128
Q

female adult worm parasitic (strongyloides)

A

● 2.2 mm x .04 mm (longer)
● Colorless, semi-transparent, with
finely striated cuticle
● It has slender tapering anterior end
and a short conical pointed tail
● Short buccal cavity w/ long slender
esophagus that extends 1/4 of the
body, intestine is continuous to the
anus
● Vulva is located 1/3 the length of the
body from the posterior end
● The uteri contain a single file 8 to 12
thin shelled, transparent, segmented
ova
● Parthenogenetic
● Found in the host

129
Q

2 types of larva in stongyloides

A

rhabditiform larva (1st stage)
filariform larva (2nd stage)

130
Q

Similar to HW but smaller with a distinct cleft
(notched) at the tip of the tail

A

filariform larva

131
Q

definitive host of strongyloides

A

humans
monkeys

132
Q

disease of strongyloides

A

strongyloidiasis

133
Q

MOT of strongyloides

A

Skin penetration (similar to hookworm)

134
Q

clinical features of strongyloides

A
  1. Lesions – intense itching at the site of penetration
  2. Pneumonitis – migration of worm to the lungs; similar to ascaris because the young/luminal worm will
    travel to the lungs
  3. Moderate to severe diarrhea
  4. Malabsorption syndrome with steatorrhea (feces with a lot of fat)
  5. Malnutrition – worm prevents fat absorption
  6. Ulcers – LGIT and UGIT – bleeding
  7. Hyperinfection – AIDS or immunocompromised parts
  8. Transmitted – mammary glands, organ transplant
135
Q

diagnostic test of strongyloides

A

● Identification of larva in stool
● Sputum exam
● Direct Fecal Smear (DFS)
● Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT) – usually breaks the cell wall of ova
● Baermann technique (CH 14 pg. 407) – culture ova to hatch larva; larva will form filariform larvae and
identify the type of parasite
● Agar plate method

136
Q

T/P/C of strongyloides

A

● Albendazole
● Ivermectin

Proper sanitation- disposal of feces
Avoid walking barefooted on soil

137
Q

infective stage of strongyloides

A

larva and ova

138
Q

Most common helminth parasite of the temperate regions but, common to tropics and sub tropics region

A

enterobius vermicularis

139
Q

______ Found in families of _________ where
sanitation levels are relatively rigorous

A

enterobius vermicularis
high socioeconomic status

140
Q

_______ spread is facilitated by crowded indoor living in
temperate climates- ______

A

enterobius vermicularis
orphanages, hospitals, sanitariums.

141
Q

enterobius vermicularis also known as _______

A

pinworm
seatworm
oxyrius

142
Q

_______ caused no disfiguring or debilitating effects
but, their presence is an embarrassment and irritation

A

pinworms

143
Q

The ova is very light and can easily be transported in the
air

A

enterobius vermicularis

144
Q

They are rarely seen because
they die after copulation

A

male adult worm of enterobius

145
Q

● Females dies soon after oviposition
● More females than males in the host

A

female adult worm of eneterobius

146
Q

Translucent shell consists of an Outer triple
albuminous layer (mechanical protection),
Inner lipoidal membrane (chemical protection)

A

ova of enterobius vermicularis

147
Q

true or false: the ova of enterobius vermicularis live longest under conditions of fairly LOW humidity and moderate temperature

A

false (high)

148
Q

Feature: Asymmetrical with one side flattened and the other convex similar to
letter P

A

OVA OF ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS

149
Q

DISEASE OF ENTEROBIUS

A

● Enterobiasis
● Oxyuriasis
● Ova- infected stage-ingestion/ retroinfection

150
Q

MOT of enterobius

A

ingestion of ova

151
Q

clinical features of enterobius

A
  1. Pruritus ani – migration of female worm to the anus during the resting state-itching; intense itchiness in
    the anal area
  2. Vaginal migration – causing irritation
  3. Appendix, liver, lungs
  4. Retrofection/ Autoinfection
152
Q

● Cellophane tape swab – recovery of ova in the perianal region
● Usually performed before bowel movement or taking a bath

A

diagnostic test for eneterobius

153
Q

treatment for enterobius

A

● Mebendazole
● Albendazole
● Pyrantel pamoate

154
Q

prevention/care of enterobius

A

-Quarantine/ Tx for entire members of the family- disinfect
contaminated fomites(clothings, beddings, towels,etc.)
-Proper hygiene-washing of hands
-Education-family

PARASITOLOGY LEC (3 decks)

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