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PARASITOLOGY LEC > INTRO TO PARA > Flashcards

INTRO TO PARA Flashcards

1
Q

It is a branch of medical microbiology that deals with the study of eukaryotic unicellular and multicellular organisms and their medical significance in human communities.

A

parasitology

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2
Q

Metazoans

A

multicellular (invertebrates)

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3
Q

what is the example of metazoans

A

helminths (parasitic worms)

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4
Q

Metazoans - multicellular (invertebrates) what kingdom?

A

Kingdom animalia

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5
Q

Protozoans - Unicellular (microorganisms) what kingdom?

A

Kingdom protista

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6
Q

Example of protozoans

A

histolytica amoeba

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7
Q

Protozoans

A

unicellular (microorganisms)

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8
Q

Is a branch of medicine which
deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.

A

tropical medicine

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9
Q

_________ is an illness, which is
indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area. Many
tropical diseases are parasitic diseases

A

tropical disease

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10
Q

The Philippines is rich in parasites
especially in _______.

A

Mindanao

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11
Q

2 major Organism in Biological
Relationship: ______&______

A

host and parasite

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12
Q

_________ - Co-exist, survival of species-nourishment.

A

ecocystem

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13
Q

A relationship in which 2 species live in
close association with one another

A

symbiosis

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of symbiosis

A

parasitism
mutualism
commensalism

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15
Q

A relationship between 2 organisms in
which both benefit from each other.

A

mutualism

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16
Q

A relationship in which 1 organism
benefits from the association, but the host is neither helped nor harmed.

A

commensalism

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17
Q

A relationship in which one organism
obtains its nutrition at the expense of another organism.

A

parasitism

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18
Q

An organism that harbors and
provides sustenance for another organism

A

host

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19
Q

An organism that obtains
its nourishment at the expense of another organism which it affects adversely but does not
immediately kill them.

A

parasite

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20
Q

example of commensalism

A

remora fish
carabao and birds

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21
Q

example of mutualism

A

termites and flagellates

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22
Q

what are the general types of parasites

A

according to habitat
according to its relationship with the host

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23
Q

Parasites that live outside of the host’s body. (infestation)

A

ectoparasite

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24
Q

Parasites that live inside the host’s body. (infection)

A

endoparasite

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25
Q

Parasites that take up
permanent residence in a host and are
completely dependent upon them

A

obligate

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26
Q

Parasites that are not
normally parasitic (free) but can become
when they accidentally enter the host.

A

facultative

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27
Q

example of obligate parasite

A

ascaris lumbricoides

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28
Q

example of facultative parasite

A

s. stercoralis

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29
Q

Parasite is free living during part of its existence and seeks its host to obtain nourishment

A

Intemittent/temporary

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30
Q

example of intermittent

A

parasite that infect mosquitoes (IH) then the moment parasite infect mosquito they become intermittent because the mosquito is needed for
their development.

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31
Q

in the absence of mosquito they cannot mature

A

intermittent/temporary

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32
Q

T OR F : only males are infected with malaria parasite

A

false

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33
Q

Is one that establishes itself
in a host in which it does not ordinarily
live.

A

incidental

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34
Q

example of incidental

A

anisakis

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35
Q

Parasite that remains on or
in the body of the host from early life until maturity, sometimes for its entire life.

A

permanent

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36
Q

Artifacts mistaken as
parasites, such as pollen, hairs

A

psuedoparasite

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37
Q

2 THINGS THAT PARASITES DO WHEN INSIDE THE HOST’S BODY:

A
  1. Consume the nutrients absorbed from the ingested food
  2. Reproduce; they lay their eggs by thousands.
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38
Q

general types of host

A

definitive
intermidiate
paratenic/transport
reservoir

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39
Q

Is one in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity or reproduction. (harbors the adult stage of the parasite)

A

definitve host

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40
Q

Is one that is required for parasite
development, but does not reach sexual
maturity. (asexual/larval stage)

A

intermediate host

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41
Q

Is one in which the parasite does not
undergo any development, but remains
alive and infective to another host.

A

paratenic/transport host

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42
Q

Any organisms that harbors an infection
that can be transmitted to humans.

A

reservoir host

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43
Q

example of definitive host

A

humans

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44
Q

example of intermediate host

A

snails, fish

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45
Q

example of paratenic/transport host

A

prawns, aquatic plants

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46
Q

example of reservoir host

A

rodents, insects

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47
Q

2 WAYS INSECTS CAN TRANSMIT PARASITIC INFECTION

A

mechanical
biologic

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48
Q

Organism attaches itself on the
host’s body/appendages.

A

mechanical

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49
Q

insects bites the host

50
Q

Is the scientific study that presents the pattern of disease in a given community and the study of those factors influencing its presence or absence.

A

epidemiology

51
Q

Is the number of new cases of disease
per block of population in a specific time
period. (Sickness/Illness rate)

A

incidence and morbidity rate

52
Q

Is the number of cases of disease in
existence at any given time in that
population.

A

prevalence

53
Q

Is the ratio number of people who died of a particular disease during a specified
period per a specified population. (death
rate)

A

mortality rate

54
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE ACCORDING TO THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY ARE TRANSMITTED IN A GIVEN
POPULATION OR COMMUNITY

A

sporadic
endemic
epidemic
pandemic
zoonotic

55
Q

A disease that occurs occasionally in a
community or population of a particular
geographic area.

56
Q

A disease that is always present to
greater or lesser degree within the
population or community of a particular
geographic area

57
Q

A disease that attacks a larger number of
persons in a community within a
relatively short period of time.

58
Q

A disease that becomes an epidemic in a
great number of countries at the same
time.

59
Q

Infectious diseases that humans acquire
from animal sources. (Zoonis)

60
Q

Globally, an estimated _________people were infected with hookworm

A

438.9 million

61
Q

In 2010, _______ with A. lumbricoides.

A

819.0 million

62
Q

_______ with T. trichiura

A

464.6 million

63
Q

Most people lived with disability attributable to STH,
__% were attributable to hookworm, __% to A. lumbricoides and the remaining __% to T. trichiura.

64
Q

The vast majority of STH infections ______ occurred in Asia.

A

(67%) (68%

65
Q

WHO-2013 states that there were estimated _______ new cases of parasitosis. Resulting in ______deaths, 90% of deaths occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 90% of deaths are children under the age of five

A

207 million
627,000

66
Q

Protozoan infection such as __________________ caused an
estimated 60 million cases of childhood diarrhea

A

Giardia,
Cryptosporidium,
Entamoeba

67
Q

_______ problems and symptoms occurs in 100% of individuals

A

Abdominopelvic

68
Q

genral type of disease

A

communicable
non communicable

69
Q

Is one whose causative agent is directly
or indirectly transmitted from host to
host

A

communicable

70
Q
  • is a disease that
    is easily spread directly from
    person to person.
A

contagious

71
Q

Is one whose causative agent either
normally inhabits the body. Only
occasionally producing disease or
residing outside it, producing a disease
only when introduced into the body.
(wound or injury)

A

non communicable

72
Q

A pattern by which the events that occur during transmission can be traced.

A

chain of infection

73
Q

chain of infection

A

infectious agent
reservoir host
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host

74
Q

most do not experience the signs and symptoms of disease

A

reservoir host

75
Q

If any part of the chain is broken,
the spread of infection can be
stopped/controlled.

A

susceptible host

76
Q

present in the environment

A

infectious agent

77
Q

mode of transmission

A

direct contact
indirect contact
animal transmission
insect carriers

78
Q

Refers to the spread of infection from
person to person or from lower animals
to humans. ( enters through an opening
or orifice

A

direct contact

79
Q

sexual contact

A

Trichomonas
vaginalis, STI/STD

80
Q

3 forms of sexual contact

A

vaginal
anal
oral

81
Q

is usually
seen in heterosexual
individuals

A

T. vaginalis

82
Q

_________ can
acquire amoeba via anal
sex.

A

Homosexuals

83
Q

blood transfusion

A

Malaria,babesia spp., hepatitis, HIV, SY

84
Q

placenta transmission

A

toxoplasmosis, SY, Hepatitis, HIV

85
Q

aerosols
suspended in the air due to
talking, laughing, sneezing,
coughing. TB, Measles,
Diphtheria

A

droplet infection

86
Q

Refers to the spread of causative agents (infection/infestation) by conveyors. (mouth)

A

indirect contact

87
Q

examples of indirect contact

A
  • Contaminated Food
  • Air/dust
  • Contaminated fingers
  • Fomites -
88
Q

Direct contacts with animals

A

animal transmission

89
Q

Transmit infection through
MECHANICAL/BIOLOGICAL means

A

insect carriers

90
Q

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF AMOEBA: 2 LIFE
CYCLES

A

trophozoite
cystic

91
Q

Free living state; feeding stage

A

trophozoite

92
Q

when the environment is not conducive for
growth and survival, they become dormant.

93
Q

portal of entry

A

mouth
skin
gut
transparental
transmammary
intranasal

94
Q

portal of exit

A

stool/fecal material
urine
blood
sputum
biopsy

95
Q

where parasite ova is found

A

stool/fecal material

96
Q

blood

A

plasmodium(malaria)

97
Q

sputum

A

paragonimus westermani

98
Q

biopsy

A

Muscle - Trichinella spiralis (pork), Taeniasolium (pork) & saginata.
- Rectal - amoeba

99
Q

4 periods of infection

A

incubation period
period of illness
prodormal period
convalescent period

100
Q

period of time between the
entry and the onset of symptoms

A

incubation period

101
Q

Period of weakness

A

prodormal period

102
Q

the time during which the
patient experiences the typical symptoms
associated with the particular disease.

A

period of illness

103
Q

period of recovery

A

convalescent period

104
Q

FACTORS THAT PROMOTES PARASITIC INFECTIONS

A

● Source of infection
● Mode of transmission
● Susceptible Host

105
Q

susceptible host

A

age, nutritional status,
heredity, stress, socio-economic status.

106
Q

undergo development in
the soil to reach the infective stage

A

Soil transmitted

107
Q

undergoes development in IH to reach their infective stage

A

IH (INTERMEDIATE HOST) TRANSMITTED

108
Q

undergo development in the insect to reach their infective stage

A

arthropod transmitted

109
Q

undergo further
development in animals to reach their infective
stage

A

food transmitted

110
Q

infecting one’s self

A

auto infection

111
Q

no further stage of
development required

A

contact transmitted

112
Q

The science of classification of living organisms.
(names)

113
Q
  • arrangement of organisms into
    taxonomic groups (TAXA) on the basis of similarities and relationship
A

classification

114
Q

assignment of names to
various “TAXA” according to international rules.

A

nomenclature

115
Q

A renowned plant ecologist and the first to propose the 5
kingdom taxonomic classification of the world’s biota in
1969.

A

robert harding whittaker

116
Q

what are the 5 kingdom taxonomic

A

plants
animals
fungi
protists
monera

117
Q

do not have a kingdom froup

118
Q

classification arrangement

A

K, D/P, C, O/Sub-O, F, G,S
(Kingdom, Class, Order, Genus, Species)

119
Q

GENUS

A

first letter capital

120
Q

specie

A

first name first letter, second name small letters

PARASITOLOGY LEC (3 decks)

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