Phylogeny And Stuff Flashcards
Taxonomy
Classifying and naming organisms
Phylogenetics
Evolutionary relationships of organisms
Clade
Group or organisms with a unique derived trait- includes ancestral taxon
Monophyletic
Clade
Polyphyletic
Includes similar but not closely related forms
Paraphyletic
Includes some but not all forms
Homologous traits
Common ancestor
Molded in a different way
Reflects adaptation to environment
Analogous traits
Convergent evolution
Perform similar functions
Penguin flipper vs. fish fin
What are the 5 kingdoms of life?
Anamalia Plantae Fungi Protista Monera
Sequence of taxonomic categories:
Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Specific epithet
What are the three domains of life?
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Distinguishing traits of archaea
Cell walls don’t have Peptidoglycan
Some have histones
Antibiotic response is negative
What type of habitats do archaeans inhabit?
Extremely hot
Extreme saline (halophiles)
Anaerobic aquatic sediments (methanogens)
Bacteria cells: (vs eukaryotes)
Peptidoglycan in cell walls
Flagella- apparatus-rotary motion
DNA plasmids
Rapid cell cycle
Eukaryotes: (vs bacteria)
No Peptidoglycan
Flagella micro tubule
DNA membrane enclosed nucleus
Mitosis/meiosis
Gram positive
Binds with Peptidoglycan
Gram negative
Thin layer of Peptidoglycan and extra membrane interfere with stain uptake
What is the mode of action of the antibiotic penicillin?
Interferes with the Peptidoglycan
Chemosynthetic
Energy is not from light but oxidation of inorganic compounds
Photosynthetic
Oxygenic: oxygen is a by product
Non oxygenic: elemental sulfur is produced
Photoheterotrophs
Require organic carbon source
Perform photosynthesis
Chemoheterotrophs
Require organic energy and carbon source
What constraints characterize nitrogen fixation?
Energy- lighting, industry, volcanos
Environment: anoxic or hypoxic
Enzyme: nitrogenase
Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria
Cyanophytes
Mutualistic heterotrophic nitrogen fixing bacteria
Rhizobia
