PHYL 3

Question 1

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS AND MINERALS

Answer 1

AA: 9

MINERALS = 7

Question 2

State the three functions of minerals

Answer 2

State the three functions of minerals

1. Cell growth and repair
2. Metabolism
3. Nerve and muscle function

7 essential minerals – highest deficieny with calcium leading to osteoporosis and ion = anemia

Question 3

State the factors that stimulate hunger and appetite

Answer 3

● Thought, sight, smell of food
● Appealing taste
● Contraction of empty stomach and release of ghrelin hormone
● Low level of nutrients in the intestines
● Low levels of circulating nutrients

Question 4

State the factors that stimulate satiety

Answer 4

● Food in the stomach which causes stretching or pressure
● Intestinal distention and prescence of nutrients which signals the brain directly and triggers the release of satiety hormones
● High blood levels of nutrients

Question 5

State the functions of the liver

Answer 5

● Extremely important metabolic organs
● Intestinal blood supply flows directly to the liver: gets all nutrients and metabolites
● Linked closely to pancreatic blood supply
● Stores glucose as glycogen (glycogenesis)
● Breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis)
● Can synthesize glucose (gluconeogenesis)
● Can synthesize ketones (ketogenesis)
● Can synthesize lipids (lipogenesis)

Question 6

Kidneys

Answer 6

● Produce urine and maintain osmolarity and pH of the body

Question 7

Describe how the body responds to an increase in blood glucose

Answer 7

● Increased blood glucose stimulates beta cells of the pancreas
● Stimulates release of insulin into the blood
● Insulin increases active transport of amino acids into tissue cells for increased protein synthesis
● Insulin also increases facilitated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells
○ Allows cellular respiration
○ Enhances glucose conversion to fatty acids + glycerol and glycogen

Question 8

Describe how the body responds to a decrease in blood glucose

Answer 8

● Decreased blood glucose stimulates the alpha cells of the pancreas, increasing release of glucagon
● Stimulates the liver to increase plasma glucose
● Also stimulates the adipose tissue to increase plasma fattty acids and fat used by tissue cells = glucose sparing
● Negative feedback loop

Question 9

Define metabolic syndrome

Answer 9

●	A multifactorial and highly complex disorder
●	Fat accumulation
●	Impaired insulin sensitivity
●	Low grade chronic systemic inflammation
●	Pathophysiological effects
○	Type 2 diabetes
○	Non alcoholic fatty liver diseases
○	Cardiovascular diseases

Question 10

Describe insulin resistance

Answer 10

When cells are less sensitive to insulin

Therefore hyperglycemia and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia

Question 11

T1 VS T2 DIABETES

Answer 11

1: destruction of beta cells, rapid onset, teenagers, no insulin
2. insulin resistance,

Question 12

Describe the long term effects of diabetes

Answer 12

● Shorter life expectancy
● Vascular damage
● Renal failure (largest cause of death) and blindness – diabetic retinopathy
● Neuropathies – diabetic neuropathy where impaired blood flow damages nerves of PNS and CNS – eg kidneys become leaky due to small blood vessel damage, increase BP and fluid retention (odeama)

Question 13

prac question: women risk of developing type 2

Answer 13

waiste circumference = 99cm/39 inches

Question 14

fasting glucose level of healthy individual

Answer 14

less than 5.5mol

Question 15

concerning major dietary constituents

Answer 15

‘complete’ proteins, containing all essential amino acids are found in animal products

Question 16

impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance differ in that

Answer 16

only impaired glucose tolerance only occurs when suffers have consumed a source of energy