PHYL 3 Flashcards
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS AND MINERALS
AA: 9
MINERALS = 7
State the three functions of minerals
State the three functions of minerals
- Cell growth and repair
- Metabolism
- Nerve and muscle function
7 essential minerals – highest deficieny with calcium leading to osteoporosis and ion = anemia
State the factors that stimulate hunger and appetite
● Thought, sight, smell of food
● Appealing taste
● Contraction of empty stomach and release of ghrelin hormone
● Low level of nutrients in the intestines
● Low levels of circulating nutrients
State the factors that stimulate satiety
● Food in the stomach which causes stretching or pressure
● Intestinal distention and prescence of nutrients which signals the brain directly and triggers the release of satiety hormones
● High blood levels of nutrients
State the functions of the liver
● Extremely important metabolic organs
● Intestinal blood supply flows directly to the liver: gets all nutrients and metabolites
● Linked closely to pancreatic blood supply
● Stores glucose as glycogen (glycogenesis)
● Breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis)
● Can synthesize glucose (gluconeogenesis)
● Can synthesize ketones (ketogenesis)
● Can synthesize lipids (lipogenesis)
Kidneys
● Produce urine and maintain osmolarity and pH of the body
Describe how the body responds to an increase in blood glucose
● Increased blood glucose stimulates beta cells of the pancreas
● Stimulates release of insulin into the blood
● Insulin increases active transport of amino acids into tissue cells for increased protein synthesis
● Insulin also increases facilitated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells
○ Allows cellular respiration
○ Enhances glucose conversion to fatty acids + glycerol and glycogen
Describe how the body responds to a decrease in blood glucose
● Decreased blood glucose stimulates the alpha cells of the pancreas, increasing release of glucagon
● Stimulates the liver to increase plasma glucose
● Also stimulates the adipose tissue to increase plasma fattty acids and fat used by tissue cells = glucose sparing
● Negative feedback loop
Define metabolic syndrome
● A multifactorial and highly complex disorder ● Fat accumulation ● Impaired insulin sensitivity ● Low grade chronic systemic inflammation ● Pathophysiological effects ○ Type 2 diabetes ○ Non alcoholic fatty liver diseases ○ Cardiovascular diseases
Describe insulin resistance
When cells are less sensitive to insulin
Therefore hyperglycemia and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia
T1 VS T2 DIABETES
1: destruction of beta cells, rapid onset, teenagers, no insulin
2. insulin resistance,
Describe the long term effects of diabetes
● Shorter life expectancy
● Vascular damage
● Renal failure (largest cause of death) and blindness – diabetic retinopathy
● Neuropathies – diabetic neuropathy where impaired blood flow damages nerves of PNS and CNS – eg kidneys become leaky due to small blood vessel damage, increase BP and fluid retention (odeama)
prac question: women risk of developing type 2
waiste circumference = 99cm/39 inches
fasting glucose level of healthy individual
less than 5.5mol
concerning major dietary constituents
‘complete’ proteins, containing all essential amino acids are found in animal products
impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance differ in that
only impaired glucose tolerance only occurs when suffers have consumed a source of energy
