PHYL 2

Question 1

State what duct cells in the pancreas produce

Answer 1

Secrete alkaline solution to buffer the acidic chyme and lubrication to aid the movement of food

Question 2

DUCT CELLS

Answer 2

● Acid in the duodenal lumen increases secretin release from the duodenal mucosa
● Secretin carried by the blood causes pancreatic duct cells to increase secretion of aqueous NaHCO3 solution into the duodenal lumen → neutralizes acid in duodenal lumen

Question 3

ACINAR CELLS

Answer 3

Acinar cells
● Fat and protein products in the duodenal lumen trigger CCK release from the duodenal mucosa
● Pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes to digest the fat and protein

Question 4

PANCREATIC ENZYMES

Answer 4

● Zymogen granules of secretory cells contain the digestive enzymes

Question 5

LIVER AND GALL BLADDER FUNCTIONS

Answer 5

● Metabolic functions
● Bile production - Bile is released when the gall bladder is activated by CCK
● Blood circulation and filtration

Question 6

PROCESS OF DEFECATION/EXCRETION

Answer 6

● Comprised of involuntary and voluntary stage
● Stretch receptors get activated when they feel prescence of stool in rectum
● Sends signals to the spinal cord to CNS
● Spinal reflex stimulate contraction of the rectum and sigmoid colon, and relaxation of the Rectum internal anal sphincter.
● If convenient to defecate, voluntary motor neurons are inhibited, allowing the external anal sphincter to relax so feces may pass.
● Informs CNS
● Example of a learned behavior

Question 7

Define inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 7

Chronic intestinal inflammation that results from immunological abnormalities
Triggered by genetic and environmental factors
Cause is spontaneous and unknown

Question 8

Describe the signs and symptoms of IBD

Answer 8

●	Abdominal pain and cramping
●	Reduced appetite
●	Unintended weight loss
●	Diarrhoea
●	Blood in stool
●	Unexplained fever lasting 1 – 2 days

Question 9

Describe pathogenesis for IBD

Answer 9

Phase 1: genetic factors and environmental factors combine to initiate triggers (pre disease stage). Impaired barrier function so pathogens are able to enter
Phase 2: Acute intestinal inflammation. Immune cells are activated.
Phase 3: Chronicity or resolution. Failure of regulatory mechanisms leads to chronic inflammation
Phase 4: tissue destruction and complication