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Physiotherapy > PHTY142 Heart > Flashcards

PHTY142 Heart Flashcards

1
Q

shape, position, size of the heart

A

Size of the closed fist

Heart rests on the diaphragm

In the mediastinum and 2 thirds lies to left of midline

Shaped like an inverted cone

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2
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column.

From the first rib to the diaphragm.

Between the lungs

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3
Q

base of the heart

A

Formed by the atria, mostly the left atrium

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4
Q

Apex of the heart

A

tip of the left ventricle and rests on the diaphragm

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5
Q

Describe the right atrium

A

receives blood from superior and inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus

2-3mm in thickness

Tricuspid Valve

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6
Q

Describe the right ventricle

A

4-5mm thickness

cusps of tricuspid valve are connected to Chordae Tendineae

Pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

What separates the Right and Left Atrium

A

interatrial septum

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8
Q

What separates’ the Right and Left Ventricles

A

Interventricular Septum

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9
Q

Describe the Left Atrium

A

2-3 mm thick

Forms most of the base of the heart

Blood from pulmonary veins

Bicuspid valve

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10
Q

What is the bicuspid valve also known as

A

Mitral valve

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11
Q

Describe the left ventricle

A

thickest chamber of the heart

chordae tendineae to papillary muscles

aortic semilunar valve into aorta

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12
Q

Pathway of blood from the left ventricle

A

Through aortic valve
into aorta

Some to coronary arteries which branch from ascending aorta

The rest goes to arch of aorta and descending aorta to be carried to rest of the body

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13
Q

What is the pericardium

A

Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart.

It consists of 2 main parts the Fibrous Pericardium and the serous pericardium

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14
Q

What is the role of the pericardium

A

Confines the heart in the mediastinum

Allows for movement for vigorous, rapid contraction

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15
Q

The Fibrous Pericardium

A

Tough, inelastic, dense, irregular connective tissue

Rests and attaches to diaphragm

Prevents overstretching of the heart

Anchors heart to mediastinum

movement of diaphragm facilitates movement of the heart

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16
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

Deeper layer

thinner, more delicate that forms a double layer
around the heart

Outer parietal layer - fused to fibrous pericardium

Inner visceral layer - has pericardial cavity with lubricating serous fluid which reduces friction between the layers as the heart moves

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17
Q

name 3 layers of the heart

A

epicardium
Myocardium
endocardium

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18
Q

Endocardium

A

Thin layer of endothelium

Provides smooth lining for chambers

minimises surface friction as blood passes through the heart

19
Q

Epicardium

A

outer layer is the Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Beneath mesothelium is a variable layer of delicate fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue

Contains blood vessels and lymphatics that supply the heart

20
Q

Myocardium

A

Pumping action of the heart

Cardiac muscle tissue. Muscle fibres are wrapped and bundles with connective tissue sheaths

Fibres organised in swirls moving diagonally

21
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

4 dense connective tissue rings that surround the valves of the heart and merge with interventricular septum

Prevents overstretching of the valves

A point of insertion for bundles of cardiac muscle

Acts as electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

22
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

When they open the ends of cusps project into ventricles

When ventricles are relaxed the paillary muscles are relaxed and chordae tendineae are slack

When ventricles contract pressure drives cusps upwards and close the valve. Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendineae tighten preventing evertion

23
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

3 crescent moon shaped cusps each attaching to a arterial wall

When ventricles contract pressure increases higher than in valves so valves open

As ventricles relax blood starts to flow back tot he heart and fill cusps acusing them to contract and close the opening

24
Q

How are the AV valves and SL valves similar

A

Both prevent backflow

both facilitate unidirectional blood flow

open and close at the right time

25
Q

Differences between AV valves and SL valves

A

Different locations
Names different

Av Valves allow blood flow from atria to ventricles and prevent backflow during systole

SL valves pump blood outward and prevent backflow from form arteries to ventricles

26
Q

Function of coronary arteries

A

supply blood to myocardium

Left and right deliver to heart

Aortic sinuses are found in aorta. when the heart is relaxed backflow fills the valve pockets allowing blood to enter coronary arteries

27
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Supplies right atrium and right ventricle

28
Q

Right marginal artery

A

right ventricle and apex

29
Q

posterior interventricular artery

A

right and left ventricles
Interventricular septum

30
Q

Left circumflex artery

A

left atrium and left ventricle

31
Q

left marginal artery

A

left ventricle

32
Q

left anterior descending artery

A

right ventricle left ventricle and interventricular septum

33
Q

what are Autorhythmic fibres

A

Cardiac muscle fibres

Self excitable

repeatedly generate action potentials

34
Q

Conducting system of heart

A

SAN - right atrium wall
Right and left atria contract at the same time

AVN passes information to bundle of His but there is a slight delay

Bundle of His splits into purkinje fibres so left and right ventricles simultaneously contract

35
Q

What does ECG stand for

A

Electrocardiogram

A recording of action potentials at the heart

36
Q

Describe an ECG

A

P wave - upward deflection representing atrial depolarisation form SA node

QRS complex - upright triangular wave representing rapid ventricular depolarisation

T Wave - Dome shaped and upwards representing ventricular repolarisation occurring just as ventricles start to relax

37
Q

Systole

A

period of contraction where blood is pumped into circulation

38
Q

diastole

A

Period of relaxation when chambers fill with blood

38
Q

Outline cardiac cycle

A

Passive filling - both relaxed but AV open

Atrial systole
Ventricular isovolumetric contraction

Ventricular systole

relaxation period

39
Q

Atrial Systole

A

atria contract, ventricles relaxed

Depolarisation at SA Node so pressure increases as blood volume increases

AV valves open and blood forced into ventricles

ventricles contain 130 ml of blood at end diastolic volume

40
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract and pressure against AV valves

For about 0.5 seconds both AV and SL valves are closed - isovolumetric period - isometric contraction

When ventricular pressure is higher than aortic pressure SL valve opens and ejection begins

41
Q

Relaxation in cardiac cycle

A

Both atria and ventricles are relaxed

Ventricular repolarisation causes ventricular diastole

As pressure decreases blood starts to move back and enters cusps so SL valves close

There is a brief period where all 4 valves are closed

Blood enters atria, so by end of relaxation period ventricles are 3/4 full - passive filling

42
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute

CO= SV X HR
In adults 5.25 litres/minute = 75 X 70

43
Q
A

Physiotherapy (8 decks)

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