PHRM845-FINAL EXAM Flashcards

Question

Limits of DA hypothesis

Answer 1

-DA is NOT required for reward learning ~Dissociation between liking (direct effect) and wanting (motivation) --> you don't always like what you want -Tolerance to pleasurable effect (lowers liking), enhanced craving -DA does not encode liking, but involved in making reward predictions and learning from the outcome/error.

Answer 2

There is a DA spike after the reward is given

Answer 3

There is a DA spike at the time the animal predicts the reward would come...The reward is given later and there is no additional spike that happens at this time.

Answer 4

-DA spike when the animal predicts the reward will be given. After a bit of time of the reward not given, the DA levels will drop and this might trigger craving.

Answer 5

-Glu can increase DA activity in NAcc ~Glu projection to VTA ~Destruction of the pathway reduces cocaine/morphine reward ~mGluR5 KO mice show reduced cocaine reward ~NMDA antagonist blocks acquisition of reinforcement learning ~Intra NAcc AMPA (glutamate agonist) injection causes relapse -DA controls glutamate activity in amygdala (Emotions-->activity)

Answer 6

-Persistent increase in synaptic strength following intense stimulation -After persistent stimulation, more glutamate receptors will appear on the surface of post-synaptic cell -Rewarding substances cause relative increase in glutamatergic AMPA receptors

Answer 7

Retrains memory so that when the drug is given there isn't much of a response

Answer 8

The use of a drug for a nontherapeutic effect

Answer 9

Inappropriate, illegal, or excessive use of a prescription or nonprescription drug. ~Taking more/more frequently than prescribed ~Taking it for a different indication ~Taking someone else's medication

Answer 10

-Previously substance abuse and substance dependence -Mild (2-3) -Moderate (4-5) -Severe (>6) 1. Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than you meant to 2. Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance, but unable to stop 3. Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance (preoccupied) 4. Cravings and urges to use the substance 5. Not managing to do what you should at work, home, or school because of substance use (distracted) 6. Continuing to use, even when it causes problems in a relationship 7. Giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use 8. Using substances again and again, even when it puts you in danger 9. Continuing to use even when you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could have been caused or made worse by the substance (against better judgement) 10. Needing more of a substance to get the effect you want (tolerance) 11. Development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance

Answer 11

-Body needs more of drug to get same feeling--tolerance ~Cellular adaptation upon repeated activation of receptors -Body withdraws without the drug

Answer 12

-Anxiety/depression -Restlessness/insomnia -Irritability -HA -Poor concentration

Answer 13

-Sweating -Racing heart (tachycardia) -Goose bumps=cold turkey -Muscle spasms=kicking the habit -Tremors -N/V/D

Answer 14

Withdrawing from alcohol and tranquilizers can cause -Grand mal seizures (also tramadol) -MI, stroke -Hallucinations, delirium tremens (DTs) **Usually clonidine can be used to safely withdraw

Answer 15

-ADDICTION -Mental urge to take drug to function -Compulsive need/craving -Even in absence of withdrawal -Biological basis from memory formation

Answer 16

-Drug is "rewarding" or produced positive reinforcement when the user feels pleasure/satisfaction. ~Of value, strengthen behavior to repeat -Just liking isn't enough

Answer 17

-Just trying to avoid stimulus -Negative reinforcement: reward by escaping negative/painful stimulus or event (NOT the same as punishment)

Answer 18

Therapeutic use (normal): -Negative reinforcement-->positive reinforcement-->negative reinforcement Recreational use (just taking b/c I want to/craving it) -Positive reinforcement-->Negative reinforcement Self medication -Negative reinforcement: just trying to avoid some negative situation

Answer 19

-Using a stimulant with a depressant to numb the crash of the stimulant (speedball=heroin+cocaine) -Risk of OD (not aware of some signs)-->more difficult to tx OD

Answer 20

-Respiratory depression from opioids and alcohol -Cardiac arrhythmias, brain hemorrhage, stroke from stimulants -Fatal seizure from choking on own vomit. ~Also a risk during withdrawal

PHRM845-FINAL EXAM Flashcards

Pathophys of SUD