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Genetics & The Evolution Of Life > Photosynthetic Protists > Flashcards

Photosynthetic Protists Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the kingdom Protista? What groups them together? Does this reflect their evolution?

A
  • earliest eukaryotes
  • parasites and cause diseases
  • grouped together based on mode of nutrition
    Does not reflect their evolution.
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2
Q

What can protista be classified as?

A

Producers, absorbers/recyclers, consumers

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3
Q

What does a phylogeny show?

A

Relationships between organisms (their evolutionary history)

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4
Q

What are synapomorphies?

A

Shared derived characteristics between organisms.

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5
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

Share 1 common characteristic.

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6
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

Share multiple common characteristics

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7
Q

What do scientists prefer: monophyletic groups or paraphyletic groups?

A

Monophyletic

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8
Q

Why is a paraphyletic group considered left over?

A

It is essentially what you have left over after you take the monophyletic group out.

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9
Q

Are protists monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

Paraphyletic. Don’t have a single unique shared common ancestor, what’s left of life after you take euks out

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10
Q

What are producer organisms?

A

Photosynthetic organisms (coloured, autotrophic, photosynthetic all synonyms)

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11
Q

What are absorber and recycler organisms? List examples.

A

Secrete enzymes to dissolve organisms then absorb them.

E.g slime moulds, water moulds

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12
Q

What are consumer organisms?

A

Ciliates, colourless flagellates, parasites, pathogens

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13
Q

Why are primary producers so colourful?

A

Possess diverse chloroplasts and pigments.

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14
Q

How did primary eukaryotic producers acquire chloroplasts?

A

Primary endosymbiosis.

  • eukaryotic host acquired purple bacteria which evolved into mitochondria about 2 bya
  • acquires photosynthetic cyanobacterium which evolved into chloroplast 1 bya

In both cases, bacterial genes were incorporated into the eukaryotic host nucleus, and the genes function is therefore now controlled by the nucleus

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15
Q

What did the incorporation of the chloroplast allow eukaryotic cells to do?

A
  • become autotrophic (make their own carbs)

- plants and green algae evolved

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16
Q

Describe the evidence supporting the fact that chloroplast was initially a bacterium, supporting the endosymbiosis origin of chloroplasts.

A
  1. Bacteria, plasmids and mitochondria all have circular genomes
  2. Plastids and mitochondria contain small, bacterial sized ribosomes that translate their own proteins from their genome. Ribosomes much bigger in cytoplasm
  3. Mitochondria and plastids are sensitive to antibacterial drugs
  4. FtsZ protein involved in cell division of chloroplasts and in bacteria
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17
Q

List the primary chloroplast containing eukaryotes.

A

Glaucophytes, red algae, green algae, paulinella

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18
Q

What is the most primitive chloroplast containing eukaryote? What evidence supports this?

A

Glaucophytes as they still have peptidoglycan in between cell membrane which is remnants of bacterial cell wall.

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19
Q

What primary chloroplast containing eukaryotes are said to be most similar to Cyanobacteria and why?

A
  • glaucophytes and red algae because they contain similar chloroplasts to Cyanobacteria
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20
Q

What is paulinella chromatophora and how did it evolve? When did it evolve?

A
  • autotrophic ameboid with a chloroplast (called a chromatophore)
  • evolved form primary endosymbiosis
  • evolved 60 mya
21
Q

Describe 2 pieces of evidence for the fact that Paulinella chromatophora has not fully incorporated its Cyanobacteria/blue green bacteria as a plastid.

A
  • Paulinella chromatophore genome ( 1 mill bop of DNA compared to 3 mill be in Cyanobacteria and 150k in chloroplasts)
  • Paulinella nuclear genome (1/2 a % of chloroplast genes whereas 10-15% in land plants)
22
Q

How many membranes surround primary chloroplasts?

A

Two.

23
Q

What primary chloroplast containing protists contain the same pigments as Cyanobacteria? What pigments are they?

A

Glaucophytes, Paulinella and red algae

  • chlorophyll A
  • phyocyanin and phycoerythrin
24
Q

What do phycocyanin and phycoerythrin aggregate together to form? What is this organelles function?

A

They form phycobilosomes which prevent photosynthetic lamellae from getting to close to each other in the chloroplast.

25
Q

What do green algae (chlorophyta) and land plants lack? What can we therefore infer about their chloroplast structure?

A
  • do not have phycobilosomes

- therefore thylakoid membranes in green algae and land plants are packed together more closely

26
Q

How many membranes do organisms from secondary endosymbiosis have?

A
  • the plastid has 3/4 membranes
27
Q

What have “protistan pirates” resulted from?

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

28
Q

What is significant about cryptomonads?

A
  • 4 genomes from secondary endosymbiosis

- retain a remnant nucleus (nucleomorph) which most other protists do not have

29
Q

Have most of the worlds primary producers evolved from primary or secondary endosymbiosis? What are they therefore classified as? List examples.

A
  • secondary endosymbiosis
  • protistan pirates

Brown seaweeds, diatoms, coccolithophorids

30
Q

What are the 4 main groups of protistan pirates and what type of chloroplast do they have?

A

Chromists: red algae chloroplast
Dinoflagellates/apicocomplexans: red algal chloroplast

Euglenoids: green algal chloroplast
Chlorachniophytes (including Paulinella): green algal chloroplast

31
Q

What type of chlorophyll and what pigments do cryptomonads have?

A

Chlorophyll a, c

Phycocyanin or phycoerythrin

32
Q

What type of chlorophyll and what pigments do chlorachniophytes have?

A

Chlorophyll a and b

33
Q

Describe the evidence of secondary endosymbiosis.

A
  • nucleomoprh (remnant nucleus from host)

- 3 or 4 membranes surrounding plastid

34
Q

What are euglenoids and what chlorophyll pigments do they contain? How many membranes surround the plastid?

A

Protistan pirates with chloroplasts from a green alga (chlorophyll A and B)

3 membranes surround plastid

35
Q

Are all euglenoids photosynthetic?

A

No, some are and some aren’t (non coloured)

36
Q

What are macroalgae and what divisions are they comprised of?

A
  • seaweeds, largest of all the protists (multicellular)

Divisions-

  • rhodophyta (red algae)
  • chlorophyta (green algae)
  • phaeophyta (brown algae)
37
Q

Are seaweeds (macroalgae) monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

Paraphyletic

38
Q

What does the colour of red algae depend on?

A
  • concentration of chlorophyll A, phycoerythrin and phycocyanin
  • the deeper under the sea the algae lives, the redder the pigment
39
Q

What are the ancestors (progenitors) of land plants?

A

Green algae (chlorophyta)

40
Q

Why are green algae useful?

A
  • solar energy, biofuels

- polluters

41
Q

What algae are protistan pirates?

A

Brown algae (phaeophyta)

42
Q

What are diatoms (bacillariophyta)? Where did they get their chloroplasts form and therefore what pigments do they have?

A
  • major primary producers in all aquatic habitats
  • protistan pirates and got chloroplasts from red alga
  • chlorophyll A and C and brown pigment fucoxanthin
43
Q

What is significant about the cell wall of diatoms?

A

They secrete a silica cell wall (glass) highly structured

44
Q

What are mixotrophs? What is the main example of a mixotroph?

A

Heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms.

Coccolithophorids

45
Q

What are coccolithophorids? Are they multi or unicellular? What pigments do they contain and where did they inherit it from?

A
  • photosynthetic and heterotrophic
  • mostly unicellular
  • red algal chloroplast and have chlorophyll A, C and fucoxanthin
46
Q

How do coccolithophorids ingest food? Are they producers, absorbers/recyclers or consumers?

A

Ingest via phagotrophy

Therefore consumers

47
Q

What are zooxanthellae?

A

Dinoflagellates, found in corals

48
Q

What are apicomplexa?what is a key feature about their plastid?

A
  • endoparasites of animals such as malaria
  • named for their apical complex used to penetrate host cells
  • REDUCED plastid, no pigment
49
Q

Are Apicomplexa able to perform photosynthesis?

A

No.

Genetics & The Evolution Of Life (5 decks)

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