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Genetics & The Evolution Of Life > Colourless Protists And Fungi > Flashcards

Colourless Protists And Fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the most diverse and important animal like consumers?

A

The Ciliates.

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2
Q

Are ciliates uni or multicellular? What habitat do they live in?

A

Unicellular

Aquatic environments

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3
Q

What is the most distinctive feature of ciliates? What is its function?

A
  • covered in flagella called cilia

- gives them motility

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4
Q

How many nuclei do Ciliates have? What is the main difference between them?

A
  • two nuclei, Micronucleus and Macronucleus

Micronucleus: backup for genetic material, does nothing but stay there and wait for cell division

Macronucleus: controls most of the cell, essentially multiple copies f the Micronucleus

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5
Q

Are Ciliates predatory? Why or why not?

A

Yes, they feed on bacteria and other protists and ciliates etc.

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6
Q

Name one example of a Ciliate.

A

Paramecium

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7
Q

Are Ciliates producers? Explain why.

A

No, they are colourless and therefore lack a plastid,

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8
Q

Where are Ciliates located on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Between chromists and dinoflagellates.

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9
Q

Do Ciliates undergo sexual or asexual reproduction? Name this process.

A

Sexual reproduction: conjugation

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10
Q

Explain the steps of sexual reproduction for Ciliates (paramecium).

A
  1. Two cells of different mating strains join together via conjugation
  2. Diploid Micronucleus in each cell undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid micronuclei in each cell.
  3. Three of the haploid micronuclei degenerate (disappear), leaving 1 haploid miconucleus in each cell.
  4. Remaining Micronucleus undergoes mitosis, leaving two in each cell
  5. Mates exchange micronuclei. Now each cell has one original micronuclei and one foreign micronuclei
  6. Cells seperate from each other
  7. Old and new micronuclei fuse together to form one diploid Micronucleus.
  8. Original MACROnucleus degenerates
  9. Diploid Micronucleus undergoes mitosis to produce 2 identical diploid micronuclei within each individual.
  10. One micronuclei is a precursor so the micronuclei of that cell and the other gives rise to the Macronucleus.
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11
Q

Is reproduction said to be an important process for Ciliates? Why or why not?

A

No because they start off with 2 cells and finish with 2 cells.

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12
Q

How do Ciliates cells themselves divide?

A

Via binary fission.

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13
Q

What are amoeboid protists?

A
  • cell type found in many Eukaryotic lineages

“Amoeba” equals change since they change shape

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14
Q

How do amoeba move?

A

Bulge it’s cytoplasm into pseudopods (false feet)

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15
Q

How do amoeba feed?

A

Via phagocytosis.

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16
Q

What are choanoflagellates? What environment do they live in? Are they unicellular or multicellular?

A
  • animal-like consumers
  • “collar” flagellates or sponge-like protists
  • aquatic env
  • unicellular
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17
Q

What group of protists are most closely related to animals?

A

Choanoflagellates.

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18
Q

What type of consumer are choanoflagellates?

A

Heterotrophic consumers.

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19
Q

Describe the physical features of choanoflagellates.

A
  • collar around single posterior flagellum

- collar is made up of finger like projections coming out of cell

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20
Q

What are slime moulds?

A
  • fungal-like absorbers and recyclers

- major decomposers and recyclers

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21
Q

Are slime moulds heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

Heterotrophic (like fungi)

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22
Q

How do slime moulds reproduce?

A

Reproduce by spores in fruiting bodies called sorocarps.

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23
Q

What two types of slime moulds exist? How are they different?

A
  1. Dictyostelids: feed on bacteria and decaying organic

2. Myxomycetes: decomposers

24
Q

Describe the social life cycle of cellular slime moulds (dictyostelids).

A

Spend most of their life as single called ameboid.

  1. In certain conditions, all amoeba aggregate together to form multicellular pseudoplasmodium.
  2. Pseudoplasmodium migrate
  3. Grows into macroscopic slugs
  4. Slugs turn into fruiting bodies called sorocarps - has division of labour in body (base, stork, capsule)
  5. In capsule at top of sorocarps, cells germinate (develop) into spores.
  6. Spores shed, germinate back into amoebae
25
Q

What are oomycetes? Describe their plastid or lack thereof.

A
  • water moulds
  • fungal like absorbers and recyclers
  • remnant plastid genes in nucleus but have lost their plastid.
26
Q

Describe the cell walls of oomycetes. Compare this to fungi.

A

Cell walls are made of cellulose, not chitin as found in fungi.

27
Q

Describe the nuclei of oomycetes.

A

Diploid (2N) nuclei.

28
Q

What are zoospores and what type of flagellate do they have?

A

Zoospores are oomycetes. They have heterokont flagella meaning that they have 2 different structured flagella.

29
Q

Why are oomycetes considered to be part of the chromists group?

A

Because they have remnant plastid gene sin their nucleus.

30
Q

Compare the differences between fungi and oomycetes.

A

Oomycetes are diploid with hyphal filament cell walls composed of cellulose

Fungi and haploid with cell walls composed of chitin

31
Q

Are fungi more closely related to animals or plants?

A

Animals

32
Q

What distinguishes Fungi from eukaryotes in other kingdoms?

A
  • form of growth (almost all fungi have filaments called hyphae)
  • mode of nutrition (fungi are heterotrophs that secrete enzymes and digest food externally)
33
Q

Are fungi producers, consumers, or absorbers/recyclers?

A

Absorbers

34
Q

What is the vegetative (feeding) structure of fungi called? What is it a network of?

A

Mycelium.

Network of haploid hyphae, high SA:V ratio, branched

35
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi comprised of?

A

Comprised of chitin microfibrils embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids.

36
Q

Are the hyphae of fungi haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid (1N)

37
Q

Describe the function of fungi hyphae.

A

Grow and branch, secrete and absorb, but only secrete enzymes out into environment from fingertips.

38
Q

What are fungi hyphae divided by? Do they always possess these divisions?

Are these divisions complete (I,e cross all the way)? Explain why or why not.

A

Divided by cross walls called SEPTA. Not always divided.

These divisions are not complete. They are incomplete to allow for cytoplasmic continuity.

39
Q

Why do septa exist within fungi hyphae?

A

To prevent nuclei form moving through pores but to still allow for cytoplasmic continuity.

40
Q

When do fruiting bodies (fungi sporangium) form?

A

When nutrition of the fungi is depleted.

41
Q

Are fungi spores sexual or asexual?

A

EITHER.

42
Q

State the process by which fungi reproduce.

A

Reproduce by non-motile spores (1n haploid) which are long-lived.

43
Q

What are non-motile spores?

A

No flagella, therefore cannot propel through water.

44
Q

Are all fungi cells haploid or diploid? Explain why or why not.

A

The only diploid fungi cell is the zygote (2N).

45
Q

Describe the environmental tolerance of fungi.

A

Wide environmental tolerance.

46
Q

State the main similarity between fungi and animals.

A

Both have carbohydrate reserves stored like glycogen, fats and oils.

47
Q

What are the three forms in which fungi can live?

A

Saprophytes (feed on decaying matter)
Parasites
Symbionts

48
Q

What are saprophytic fungi and what do they decompose?

A

Feed on decaying matter

Decompose cellulose, chitin and lignin (found in wood)

49
Q

How do fungi suppress competitors?

A

Using antibiotics and toxins (called mycotoxins)

50
Q

What can be plant pathogens?

A

Both water mould and fungi

51
Q

How do fungi act as plant pathogens?

A
  • fungi grows along surface or between plant cells

- penetrates cell with part of fungi hyphae called haustorium and secretes enzymes from tip of hyphae

52
Q

Describe an example of fungi toxicity.

A

Ergot poisoning

Ergot caused by rust fungus

53
Q

How do plants respond to fungi parasites?

A

Produce anti fungal compounds if able to.

54
Q

What is primary vs secondary mycelium in fungi? How is the latter formed?

A

Primary mycelium is monokaryotic, separated nuclei in two different mating strains.

Secondary mycelium is dikaryotic, mixed nuclei in one strain.

Dikaryotic mycelium is formed by plasmogamy of compatible mating types (fusing cytoplasm without fusing nuclei)

55
Q

Describe the basidiomycota fungi life cycle in steps.

A
  1. Mushroom gills are lined with basidia. Each basidiomycota contains two haploid nuclei.
  2. Haploid nuclei then fuse together to create the diploid zygote.
  3. Diploid zygote immediately undergoes meiosis to create 4 nuclei per basidia cell.
  4. Basidiospores form (haploid) and form primary mycelium hyphae.
  5. Primary mycelium undergoes plasmogamy to form secondary mycelium.
56
Q

List two examples of fungi forming symbiotic associations.

A

Lichen (coloured fungi on rocks)

Mycorrhizae (associations with roots of plants)

Genetics & The Evolution Of Life (5 decks)

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