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Rev for year 1 > Photosynthesis Kerensa > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Kerensa Flashcards

1
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

Process in which light energy is used to make glucose from water and CO2

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2
Q

What’s the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 +6H2O + Light energy > C6H12O6 + 6O2

Add 6 to balance equation.

Basically converting light energy to chemical energy.

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3
Q

What is respiration?

A

Release of stored energy from glucose. Giving you CO2 + H2O

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4
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic- With O2

Anaerobic- Without O2

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5
Q

What’s the chemical equation fro aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon dioxode + Water + Chemical energy.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical energy.

Add sixes to balance equation.

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6
Q

What’s the equation for Anaerobic respiration in different organisms?

A

Plants and Yeast = Glucose > Ethanol + Energy

Humans = Glucose > Lactic acid + Energy

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7
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate.

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8
Q

Where does ATP carry energy and in what form?

A

Carries energy in phosphate bonds as chemical energy.

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9
Q

Why is ATP good for releasing energy?

A
  • Can reduce other molecules by making them more reactive.
  • Small and soluble.
  • Trapped in cell.
  • Releases short bursts of energy.
  • Easy to break down.
  • Unstable molecule so it can be quickly remade.
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10
Q

Define Metabollic Pathway.

A

Series of small reactions controlled by enzymes. (How photosynthesis works)

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11
Q

Define Phosphorylation.

A

Adding phosphates to a molecule. (Happens in everything).

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12
Q

Define Photophosphorylation.

A

Using light to add phosphates to molecules.

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13
Q

Define Photolysis

A

Splitting of molecules using light energy.

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14
Q

Define Hydrolysis.

A

Splitting of molecules using water.

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15
Q

Define Photoionisation.

A

Using Light energy to excite electrons in an atom giving them more energy and causing them to be released from PS11.

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16
Q

Define Decarboxylation.

A

Removal of CO2

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17
Q

Define dehydrogenation.

A

Removal of hydrogen (H2)

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18
Q

What is a Redox reaction? And what is the rule with them?

A

Oxidation and Reduction.

(Red) – (Ox)

You can’t have one without the other.

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19
Q

Define Oxidation and Reduction using OILRIG.

A

Oxidation

Is

Loss of electrons

Reduction

Is

Gain of electrons

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20
Q

What is a Co-enzyme?

A

Molecule that aids the function of an enzyme.

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21
Q

What do Co-enzymes transfer?

A

A chemical group between enzymes.

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22
Q

What co-enzyme is used in photosynthesis? And what does it transfer?

A

The co-enzyme in photosythesis is NADP.

It transfers Hydrogen protons.

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23
Q

What are the co-enzymes in respiration? And what do they transfer?

A

NAD transfers hydrogen protons.

FAD transfers hydrogen protons.

Co-enzyme A transfers Acetate

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24
Q

What’s the structure of a chloroplast and what do they do?

A

Thylakoid - Fluid filled sac

Stroma - Gel with enzymes , sugars ect.

Starch grains - Stores CO2

Lamellae - Has a thylakoid membrane, joins grana

Grana - plural for granum

Inner membrane - Holds together

Outer membrane - Protection.

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25
Q

What photosynthetic pigments are in thylakoid membranes? And define them.

A
  • Chlorophyll A
  • Chlorophyll B
  • Carotene

They are coloured substances that absorb light energy.

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26
Q

What do photosynthetic pigments attach to? And what does this form?

A

Photosynthetic pigments attach to proteins and form Photosystems.

Photosynthetic pigments + protein = Photosystems

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27
Q

What are the two photosystems in photosynthesis? And what are the wavelengths of light they recieve?

A
  • PS1 (write I) - Wavelength of light they recieve 700nm.
  • PS2 (write II) - Wavelength of light they recieve 680nm.
28
Q

What are the two main reactions in photosynthesis?

A
  • Light dependant reaction
  • Light independant reaction.
29
Q

What happens in the light dependant reaction? And where does it occur?

A

Occurs in the Thylakoid membrane.

  • Excites electrons
  • Electrons released
  • Chlorophyll has been photoionised
  • You get ADP+Pi > ATP, NADP+H > Reduced NADP and water > 2H+ and 1/2 O2
    *
30
Q

What’s the first stage of photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll

  • Light energy absorbed by PSII
  • Excites electrons in chlorophyll
  • Electrons move to a higher energy level
  • Due to higher energy they are released from the chlorophyll
  • They move down an electron transfer chain to PSI via electron carrier.
31
Q

What is the second stage of photosynthesis?

A

Replacing Excited electrons

  • Excited electrons that leave PSII must be replaced.
  • They are replaced by photolysis
  • Light energy splits water in PSII into 2H+ and 1/2 O2 plus electrons
32
Q

This is really just to tell you that oxygen comes into the photosynthesis equation because its created during photolysis as 1/2 O2

A
33
Q

What’s the third stage of photosynthesis?

A

Transport of Hydrogen

  • Excited electrons that left PSII and went to PSI down the electron transport chain are losing energy.
  • Energy is lost as its being used to transport H+ from the stroma into the thylakoid, this creates a high concentration of H+ in the thylakoid. This forms a proton gradient. (Gradient because low conc.>high conc.)
  • The hydrogen atoms (protons) move down their conc. gradient through facilitated diffusion by ATP synthase.
  • Movement of H+ down ATP synthase gives energy to power ATP synthase, allowing it to catalyse ADP + pi > ATP.
34
Q

What is the fourth stage of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light energy is absorbed by PSI
  • This excites electrons to an even higher energy level than PSII
  • Electrons are transferred to NADP in the stroma along with a proton from the stroma. This forms reduced NADP.
35
Q

What is photosynthesis steps 1-4 called?

A

Process called Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation.

36
Q

True of false: Cyclic phosphorylation is in the light-dependant reaction.

A

True.

37
Q

Why is Cyclic Phosphorylation different to Non-Cyclic phosphorylation?

A

Cyclic Phosphorylation only produces ATP and only uses PSI.

38
Q

Why is Cyclic-phosphorylation called Cylic?

A

Electrons from the chlorophyll aren’t passed onto NADP but recycled in PSI.

39
Q

What happens in Cyclic-phosphorylation?

A

Electron uses energy to get H+ across, then returns to PSI to get energy again.

40
Q

Define Chemiosmosis.

A

‘Chemi’ as it uses electrons.

Process of electrons flowing down the electron transport chain and creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. To drive ATP synthesis.

41
Q

What are the three main factors about the Light Independant reaction?

A
  • Takes place in the Stroma
  • Doesn’t need light
  • Needs products of light dependant reaction. ATP and reduced NADP.
42
Q

Whats another name for the Light Independant reaction?

A

The Calvin cycle.

43
Q

What’s the first process of the Light Independant reaction?

A
  • CO2 enters leaf through the stomata, and diffuses into stroma of chloroplast.
  • CO2 combines with the ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) (5 Carbon compound) which is then catalysed by Rubisco.
  • Adding CO2 to 5 Carbon compound makes an unstable 6 Carbon compound. So it quickly breaks into a 2x Glycerate, 3 - Phosphate molecule. (3 Carbon compound).
44
Q

What’s the second process of the Light Independant reaction?

A
  • Reduction of 2x glycerate, -3 Phosphate molecule to Triose Phosphate (3 Carbon) (TP)
  • 2 molecules of ATP > ADP + Pi which provides energy for the reaction.
  • 2 molecules of reduced NADP > NADP which provides H+ ions.
  • After hydrolysis of ATP and catalysing of ATP Hydrolase and the breakdown of reduced NADP. Energy from electrons, and the hydrogen ions are used to rearrange 2x Glycerate,-3 Phosphate molecule to triose phosphate.
45
Q

What’s the third process of the Light Independant reaction?

A
  • Ribulose biphosphate is regenerated.
  • 5 out of 6 triose phosphate molecules produced in the cycle are used to regenerate ribulose biphosphate, as it’s a 5 carbon compound.
  • ATP > ADP+ Pi Provides the energy for this.
  • ( Just a side note mention enzymes such as ATP Hydrolase in exam question as these may get you extra marks).
46
Q

Kerensa’s teachings are more simplified but keep them in mind as they also get you marks.

A
47
Q

Where does the energy from ATP come from when ATP is hyrdolysed/catalysed by ATP hydrolase?

A

Energy comes from breaking of phosphate bonds.

48
Q

What can carbohydrates be formed by?

A

Hexose sugars e.g. glucose are formed by 2 triose phosphate molecules.

Larger carbs such as starch and cellulose are formed by joining hexose sugars together.

49
Q

What are lipids formed by?

A

Glycerol - Made of triose phosphate.

Fatty acids - made from glycerate 3 - Phosphate.

50
Q

What can some amino acids be made from?

A

Glycerate 3 - phosphate

51
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle does it take to produce 6 molecules of Triose Phosphate?

A

3 turns of Calvin cycle as it produces 3 CO2 molecules.

52
Q

True or false: For every 3 turns of the Calvin cycle, 1/6 Triose phosphate molecules go on to assist cell processes.

A

True.

53
Q

Glucose needs 6 turns of the calvin cycle to be made. Why?

A

Glucose is made of two triosphosphate molecules (two 3 carbon compunds). And as 1/6 Triosphosphate molecules can go on to make glucose every 3 turns. Then 6 turns is needed for two 3 carbon molecules of TP to make a 6 carbon molecule fo glucose.

54
Q

For six turns of the Calvin cycle how many ATP molecules and Reduced NADP molecules are needed? And why? And where do they come from?

A

For six turns,

18 ATP molecules are needed as theres 3 molecules needed per turn.

12 Reduced NADP molecules are needed as 2 are needed per turn.

ATP and Reduced NADP come from Light dependant reaction.

55
Q

What is the purpose of Glycolysis?

A

Make pyruvate (3 Carbons) from Glucose (6 Carbons).

56
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm of cells.

57
Q

Why is Glycolysis used in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

No Oxygen is used.

58
Q

What’s the first stage of Glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose is phosphorylated from a molecule of ATP producing a molecule of glucose phosphate and one ADP.
  • ATP is used to add another phosphate forming Hexose Biphosphate.
  • Hexose Biphosphate is then split into two molecules of Triose Phosphate.
59
Q

What’s the second stage of Glycolysis?

A
  • Triose phosphate is Oxidised (Loses Hydrogen) to form Pyruvate.
  • NAD collects the Hydrogen ions forming 2 Reduced NAD molecules.
  • 4ADP + 4Pi > 4ATP
60
Q

What’s the Net gain of ATP from Glycolysis? Why?

A

2 Net gain of ATP as 4 molecules are made but 2 molecules are used.

61
Q

What’s the equation for Anaerobic respiration in multiple organisms?

A

Mammals + Some Bacteria = Lactate

Plants + Yeast = Ethanol

62
Q

What’s the process of Lactate production in Mammals?

A

Pyruvate > Lactate (Lactic Acid)

Reduced NAD > NAD Hydrogen used to convert Pyruvate > Lactate.

63
Q

What’s the process of Ethanol production in Plants and yeast?

A

Pyruvate - loses CO2 - Ethanal - Hydrogen ion from Reduced NAD to NAD - Ethanol

64
Q

What does production of Ethanol or Lactate do?

A

Regenerates oxidised NAD

This can be used to continue Glycolysis when there is little oxygen around.

So a small amount of ATP can still be produced.

65
Q
A

Rev for year 1 (7 decks)

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