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Biology 20 > Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Thylakoid

A

Single unit of chloroplasts

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2
Q

Granum

A

Stack of thylakoids

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3
Q

Lamella

A

Connectors between granum

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4
Q

Mediums

A

Stroma is in chloroplasts
Lumen is in thylakoids
Matrix is in Mitochondria

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5
Q

Reaction types in photosynthesis

A

Light dependant and light independent reactions

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6
Q

Stages of light dependant reaction

A
  1. Photolysis of water
  2. Electrons attracted to PS2
  3. Photon hits electrons again
  4. Charged electron moves across ETC to PS1
  5. Energy released by ETC pumps H+ inside
  6. Another photon hits electrons
  7. Charged electrons are attracted to NADP+ making NADPH
  8. H+ leaks through ATP complex to make ATP with ADP and P
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7
Q

Terminology of light dependant

A 
PS2
PS1
Thylakoid membrane
Stroma
Lumen
ATP Synthase Complex
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8
Q

Light independent reaction/Calvin-Bensen Cycle

A

Phase 1: Carbon Fixation
3 CO2 enters cycle and mixes with 3 RuBP (5c). Creates 6 PGA (3c).
Phase 2: Reduction
The PGA is energized with 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to turn it into 6 PGAL (3c). 1 PGAL leaves cycle to turn into glucose.
Phase 3: Regeneration
5 PGAL are powered up by 3 ATP and turn into 3 RuBP, continuing the cycle.

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9
Q

How many times does the Calvin-Bensen cycle have to go to make one glucose?

A

Twice, because 2 PGAL = 1 Glucose

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10
Q

What is the energy cost to make one glucose in photosynthesis?

A

18 ATP and 12 NADPH

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11
Q

What is the input and output in LD Reactions?

A

Input: 6 H2O, photons
Output: 6 Oxygen (from H2O photolysis), ATP, NADPH

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12
Q

Inputs and Outputs for LI Reactions?

A

Input: 6 CO2, ATP, NADPH
Output: PGAL/G3P (glyceraldohide 3 phosphate).

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13
Q

Two types of cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic

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14
Q

Stages of Aerobic Respiration

A

Stage 1: Glycolysis
Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation
Stage 3: Krebs Cycle
Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Chain and Chemiosmosis)

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15
Q

Stages for Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Step 1: Glycolysis

Step 2: Fermentation

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16
Q

Glycolysis:

A

1 glucose turns into 2 pyruvate (3C). It needs 2 ATP to do this, but energy released makes 4 ATP and 2 NADH (which converts to two FADH2 later).

17
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation:

A

Pyruvate goes through both mitochondria membranes, each releasing a CO2 and NADH, and absorbing a Co-enzyme A, creating Acetyl-CoA (2C).

18
Q

Krebs Cycle:

A

Occurs in matrix.
CYCLE GOES TWICE.
A Acetyl-CoA joins with a Oxaloacetete (4C) to make Citric Acid (6C). It releases 2 CO2 and turns 3 NAD+ into NADH, 1 ADP into ATP, and 1 FAD+ into FADH2. The remaining Carbon turns into Oxaloacetete and the cycle continues.

19
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation/ETC + Chemiosmosis:

A

ETC:
An NADH releases 2 electrons and a Hydrogen, turning into NAD+ and pumping the H+ through the membrane. It travels the ETC to the second pump, where an FADH2 does the same, turning into FAD+, releasing energy and pumping H+ through the membrane. The electrons then leave and are attracted to the Oxygen in the Mitochondria, and join with Hydrogen to make H2O.
Chemiosmosis:
The Hydrogen goes through and ATP synthase complex and creates ATP from ADP.

20
Q

Exchange rates:

A

NADH is equal to 3 ATP

FADH2 is equal to 2 ATP

21
Q

Oxidation and Reduction

A

OIL RIG. Oxidation is losing, Reduction is gaining.

22
Q

Fermentation:

A

The Pyruvate stays in the cytoplasms. Only occurs without O2.

23
Q

Alcohol Fermentation:

A

Single cell organisms. The Pyruvate releases 2 CO2 and takes energy from the 2 NADH made in Glycolysis. It then turns into Ethanol (2C).

24
Q

Lactate Fermentation:

A

Occurs In multicellular organisms. The Pyruvate dosent release CO2, and turns into 2 lactate (3C).

25
Q

Graph that measured lactic acid, CO2, and O2 levels in body

A

VO2 Graph

26
Q

Supplements vs. Toxins and examples

A

Supplements help chem. reactions in the body. An example is Creatine Phosphate.
Toxins interfere with chem. reactions in body. An example is cyanide (stop reactions in ETC, inhibiting ATP).

27
Q

What does Lactate turn into

A

Lactic acid, which hurts the muscles

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