Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Thylakoid
Single unit of chloroplasts
Granum
Stack of thylakoids
Lamella
Connectors between granum
Mediums
Stroma is in chloroplasts
Lumen is in thylakoids
Matrix is in Mitochondria
Reaction types in photosynthesis
Light dependant and light independent reactions
Stages of light dependant reaction
- Photolysis of water
- Electrons attracted to PS2
- Photon hits electrons again
- Charged electron moves across ETC to PS1
- Energy released by ETC pumps H+ inside
- Another photon hits electrons
- Charged electrons are attracted to NADP+ making NADPH
- H+ leaks through ATP complex to make ATP with ADP and P
Terminology of light dependant
PS2 PS1 Thylakoid membrane Stroma Lumen ATP Synthase Complex
Light independent reaction/Calvin-Bensen Cycle
Phase 1: Carbon Fixation
3 CO2 enters cycle and mixes with 3 RuBP (5c). Creates 6 PGA (3c).
Phase 2: Reduction
The PGA is energized with 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to turn it into 6 PGAL (3c). 1 PGAL leaves cycle to turn into glucose.
Phase 3: Regeneration
5 PGAL are powered up by 3 ATP and turn into 3 RuBP, continuing the cycle.
How many times does the Calvin-Bensen cycle have to go to make one glucose?
Twice, because 2 PGAL = 1 Glucose
What is the energy cost to make one glucose in photosynthesis?
18 ATP and 12 NADPH
What is the input and output in LD Reactions?
Input: 6 H2O, photons
Output: 6 Oxygen (from H2O photolysis), ATP, NADPH
Inputs and Outputs for LI Reactions?
Input: 6 CO2, ATP, NADPH
Output: PGAL/G3P (glyceraldohide 3 phosphate).
Two types of cellular respiration?
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Stages of Aerobic Respiration
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation
Stage 3: Krebs Cycle
Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Chain and Chemiosmosis)
Stages for Anaerobic Respiration?
Step 1: Glycolysis
Step 2: Fermentation
Glycolysis:
1 glucose turns into 2 pyruvate (3C). It needs 2 ATP to do this, but energy released makes 4 ATP and 2 NADH (which converts to two FADH2 later).
Pyruvate Oxidation:
Pyruvate goes through both mitochondria membranes, each releasing a CO2 and NADH, and absorbing a Co-enzyme A, creating Acetyl-CoA (2C).
Krebs Cycle:
Occurs in matrix.
CYCLE GOES TWICE.
A Acetyl-CoA joins with a Oxaloacetete (4C) to make Citric Acid (6C). It releases 2 CO2 and turns 3 NAD+ into NADH, 1 ADP into ATP, and 1 FAD+ into FADH2. The remaining Carbon turns into Oxaloacetete and the cycle continues.
Oxidative Phosphorylation/ETC + Chemiosmosis:
ETC:
An NADH releases 2 electrons and a Hydrogen, turning into NAD+ and pumping the H+ through the membrane. It travels the ETC to the second pump, where an FADH2 does the same, turning into FAD+, releasing energy and pumping H+ through the membrane. The electrons then leave and are attracted to the Oxygen in the Mitochondria, and join with Hydrogen to make H2O.
Chemiosmosis:
The Hydrogen goes through and ATP synthase complex and creates ATP from ADP.
Exchange rates:
NADH is equal to 3 ATP
FADH2 is equal to 2 ATP
Oxidation and Reduction
OIL RIG. Oxidation is losing, Reduction is gaining.
Fermentation:
The Pyruvate stays in the cytoplasms. Only occurs without O2.
Alcohol Fermentation:
Single cell organisms. The Pyruvate releases 2 CO2 and takes energy from the 2 NADH made in Glycolysis. It then turns into Ethanol (2C).
Lactate Fermentation:
Occurs In multicellular organisms. The Pyruvate dosent release CO2, and turns into 2 lactate (3C).
