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Biology 20 > Lungs, Muscles, And Kidneys > Flashcards

Lungs, Muscles, And Kidneys Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 types of muscle

A

Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal

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2
Q

1 muscle unit

A

Sacromere

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3
Q

Chemicals used in muscles

A

ATP and Calcium

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4
Q

3 regions of kidney

A

Cortex, Medulla, Renal Pelvis

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5
Q

Ratio of filtrate entering to urine coming out

A

120/1ml

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6
Q

Reabsorbed and secreted

A

Salt, water, nutrients, potassium, bicarbonate RA, hydrogen and ammonia S. Water RA. Salt RA. Salt, water, bicarbonate RA, potassium and hydrogen S. salt, water, urea RA.

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7
Q

Rings in trachea

A

Cartilage rings

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8
Q

Tetanus

A

Muscle cannot relax

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9
Q

Summation

A

The energy levels exerted when lifting something heavy

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10
Q

Energy Systems

A

Creatine Phosphate, first, last 8 seconds, small amount of ATP in every cell. Waste is creatine
Aerobic Cellular Respiration, kicks in after 2 mins of prolonged exercise, lasts as long as you have oxygen and glucose. 6 O2 + 1 Glucose = 6 H2O/CO2 + 36 ATP.
Waste is CO2, H2O. CO2 stops absorption of oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration. Begins when no more oxygen, 1Glucose = 2ATP, runs out quick. Waste is Lactin Acid

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11
Q

All or none response

A

When a brain sends a motor signal to a muscle. It either must be strong enough to activate all of muscle, or nothing happens.

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12
Q

Types of muscle fibers

A

Fast twitch: explosive, quick action fibers. Train with anaerobic exercise.
Slow twitch: slow to start, last long time. Aerobic exercise.

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13
Q

Movements of O2 in blood

A

Oxyhemoglobin: 20ml of every 100ml of blood.

Dissolved in blood plasma: 0.03% of blood.

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14
Q

How does oxygen get off oxyhemoglobin?

A

It is kicked off by the blood pH

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15
Q

Parts of sacromere

A

Actin, which is the actual muscle.
The thick Myosin.
The Myosin Heads, which grab onto the Actin
Sarcolemma surrounds every sacromere
Tropomyosin, bound with myosin. Needs calcium to change shape and allow actin to act
H zone is area where S don’t touch, while Z line is the myosin on the sides that do.

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16
Q

Sliding filament theory

A
  1. Muscle is relaxed
  2. Motor signal tells muscle to contract
  3. Muscle folds over, pulling on actin
  4. Muscle relaxes
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17
Q

CO2 movement in blood

A

Dissolved in blood Plasma: 9%
Carried by hemoglobin as carbimohemoglobin: 27%
Carbonic acid and bicarbonate: 64%

18
Q

Muscle pairs

A

Antagonistic pairs. One contracts. Other relaxes.

19
Q

Movement of CO2 in H2CO3 and HCO3

A

Water and carbon dioxide bind (anhydrase) to form carbonic acid. That makes blood more acidic. It quickly disassociates into a hydrogen ion and bicarbonate, which raises the blood pH and buffers it.

20
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitor blood pH.
1. Medulla Oblongata
Found in brain stem. Stimuli is decreased blood pH, increased CO2 blood. Response is to send message to adrenal glands to release epinephrine.
2. Carotid Artery/Aorta
Measures blood O2. Stimuli is decreased blood O2. Response is increased breathing.

21
Q

Partial pressure

A

The pressure in each area. Fluid inside each area follows a down gradient. p. Is the symbol

22
Q

Popcorn lungs

A

Clogged lungs from microwave popcorn and vaping.

23
Q

Pneumothorax

A

A collapsed lung

24
Q

Laryngitis

A

Hard to speak because of dwelled larynx

25
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of bronchi (symptoms here)

26
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection of alveoli, leads to fluid in them

27
Q

Emphysemia

A

Destroyed alveoli, from tar from smoking

28
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Thick mucous in lungs, usually in babies

29
Q

Asthma

A

Over reaction, inflammation

30
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Abnormal growth in lungs

31
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Pancreas can produce enough insulin. Get rid of glucose by urinating it

32
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Can’t produce ADH. Large volumes of water are urinated

33
Q

Nephritis

A

Any nephron disorder or damage

34
Q

Kidney stones

A

Salt in kidney crystallizes. Very sharp

35
Q

Renal/Kidney failure

A

Kidney stops working

36
Q

Symptoms of kidney disorders

A

Fatigue=less glucose absorption
Vomit=blood is poisoned, trying to get it out
Diarrhea=remove water from body
Laboured breathing=fluid buildup in lungs
Irregular heartbeat=chemical imbalance
Blood volume up=fluid buildup

37
Q

Solutions to kidney disorders

A

Kidney transplant
Dialysis (pump blood out of body, through filter, back in)
Peritoneal Dialysis (fluid pumped into stomach, urea dissolved into liquid, pumped out)
urinalysis (report form for urine)

38
Q

Botulism

A

Prevent release of muscle stimulating compound (acetychlorine).
Leads to paralysis

39
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Skeletal muscle degenerates and are replaced by fatty tissue

By DNA

40
Q

Cramps

A

Muscle spasm created by exercise, cold, dehydration, low blood sugar, reduced blood flow
Contracts in funny way

41
Q

Hormone for water

A

ADH. Release from brain when dehydration detected by osmoreceptor. Kidney receives and reabsorbs more water.

42
Q

Hormone for salt

A

Aldosterone. Measured by chemoreceptors. Detect decrease salt in blood. Released, then kidney reabsorbs more salt.

Biology 20 (5 decks)

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