Lungs, Muscles, And Kidneys Flashcards
3 types of muscle
Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal
1 muscle unit
Sacromere
Chemicals used in muscles
ATP and Calcium
3 regions of kidney
Cortex, Medulla, Renal Pelvis
Ratio of filtrate entering to urine coming out
120/1ml
Reabsorbed and secreted
Salt, water, nutrients, potassium, bicarbonate RA, hydrogen and ammonia S. Water RA. Salt RA. Salt, water, bicarbonate RA, potassium and hydrogen S. salt, water, urea RA.
Rings in trachea
Cartilage rings
Tetanus
Muscle cannot relax
Summation
The energy levels exerted when lifting something heavy
Energy Systems
Creatine Phosphate, first, last 8 seconds, small amount of ATP in every cell. Waste is creatine
Aerobic Cellular Respiration, kicks in after 2 mins of prolonged exercise, lasts as long as you have oxygen and glucose. 6 O2 + 1 Glucose = 6 H2O/CO2 + 36 ATP.
Waste is CO2, H2O. CO2 stops absorption of oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration. Begins when no more oxygen, 1Glucose = 2ATP, runs out quick. Waste is Lactin Acid
All or none response
When a brain sends a motor signal to a muscle. It either must be strong enough to activate all of muscle, or nothing happens.
Types of muscle fibers
Fast twitch: explosive, quick action fibers. Train with anaerobic exercise.
Slow twitch: slow to start, last long time. Aerobic exercise.
Movements of O2 in blood
Oxyhemoglobin: 20ml of every 100ml of blood.
Dissolved in blood plasma: 0.03% of blood.
How does oxygen get off oxyhemoglobin?
It is kicked off by the blood pH
Parts of sacromere
Actin, which is the actual muscle.
The thick Myosin.
The Myosin Heads, which grab onto the Actin
Sarcolemma surrounds every sacromere
Tropomyosin, bound with myosin. Needs calcium to change shape and allow actin to act
H zone is area where S don’t touch, while Z line is the myosin on the sides that do.
Sliding filament theory
- Muscle is relaxed
- Motor signal tells muscle to contract
- Muscle folds over, pulling on actin
- Muscle relaxes
CO2 movement in blood
Dissolved in blood Plasma: 9%
Carried by hemoglobin as carbimohemoglobin: 27%
Carbonic acid and bicarbonate: 64%
Muscle pairs
Antagonistic pairs. One contracts. Other relaxes.
Movement of CO2 in H2CO3 and HCO3
Water and carbon dioxide bind (anhydrase) to form carbonic acid. That makes blood more acidic. It quickly disassociates into a hydrogen ion and bicarbonate, which raises the blood pH and buffers it.
Chemoreceptors
Monitor blood pH.
1. Medulla Oblongata
Found in brain stem. Stimuli is decreased blood pH, increased CO2 blood. Response is to send message to adrenal glands to release epinephrine.
2. Carotid Artery/Aorta
Measures blood O2. Stimuli is decreased blood O2. Response is increased breathing.
Partial pressure
The pressure in each area. Fluid inside each area follows a down gradient. p. Is the symbol
Popcorn lungs
Clogged lungs from microwave popcorn and vaping.
Pneumothorax
A collapsed lung
Laryngitis
Hard to speak because of dwelled larynx
