photosynthesis

Question 1

autotrophs

Answer 1

an organism that produces its own food using CO2 and other simple inorganic compounds from its environment and its energy from the sun or oxidation of inorganic substances

Question 2

photoautotrophs

Answer 2

photosynthetic organism that uses light as its energy source and carbon dioxide as its carbon resource

Question 3

heterotrophs

Answer 3

an organism that acquires energy and nutrients by eating other organisms or their remains

Question 4

light-dependent reactions

Answer 4

the first stage of photosynthesis, in which the energy of sunlight is absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

Question 5

NADPH

Answer 5

in photosynthesis, the molecule that carriers electrons that are pushed to high energy levels by absorbed light

Question 6

light-independent reactions

Answer 6

the 2nd stage of photosynthesis, in which electrons are used as a source of energy to convert inorganic CO2 to an organic form

Question 7

CO2 fixation

Answer 7

the conversion process of inorganic CO2 into an organic form which takes place in the light independent reaction of photosynthesis and utilizes electrons as a source of energy

Question 8

stomata (singular= stoma)

Answer 8

the opening between a pair of guard cells in the epidermis of a plant leaf or stem, through which gases and water vapor pass

Question 9

electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 9

the range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation extending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and including visible light

Question 10

wavelength

Answer 10

in electromagnetic radiation, the horizontal distance between the crests of successive waves

Question 11

chlorophyll

Answer 11

molecule of green pigment that absorbs photons of light in photosynthesis

Question 12

carotenoid

Answer 12

molecule of yellow-orange pigment by which light is absorbed in photosynthesis

Question 13

primary acceptor

Answer 13

an electron accepting molecule that receives excited electrons from chlorophylls in photosynthesis

Question 14

absorption spectrum

Answer 14

curve representing the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength

Question 15

photosystem

Answer 15

a large complex into which light-absorbing pigments for photosynthesis are organized with proteins and other molecules

Question 16

Photosystem II

Answer 16

in photosynthesis, a protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that uses energy absorbed from the sunlight to synthesize ATP

Question 17

photosystem I

Answer 17

in photosynthesis, a protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that uses energy absorbed from the sunlight to synthesize NADPH

Question 18

antenna complex (light harvesting complex)

Answer 18

in photosystems, the sites at which light is absorbed and converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis, an aggregate of many chlorophyll pigments and a number of carotenoid pigments that serve as the primary site of absorbing light energy in the form of photons

Question 19

reaction center

Answer 19

part of photosystem 1 and 2 in chloroplasts of plants. In the light- dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the reaction center receives light energy aorbed by the antenna complex in the same photosystem.

Question 20

linear electron flow

Answer 20

in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the one-way movement of electrons from H2O to NADP+ via photosystem II, the plastoquinone pool, the cytochrome complex, plastocyanin, photosystem I, and ferredoxin

Question 21

photophosphorylation

Answer 21

the synthesis of ATP coupled to the transfer of electrons energized by photons of light

Question 22

cyclic electron flow

Answer 22

an electron transport pathway associated with photosystem 1 in photosynthesis that produces ATP without the synthesis of NADPH

Question 23

calvin cycle ( light independent reaction)

Answer 23

the 2nd stage of photosynthesis, in which electrons are used as a source of energy to convert inorganic CO2 to an organic form

Question 24

carbon fixation

Answer 24

the conversion process of inorganic CO2 into an organic form which takes place in the light independent reaction of photosynthesis.

Question 25

RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)

Answer 25

an enzyme that catalyzes the key reaction of the Calvin cycle, carbon fixation, in which CO2 combines with RuBP to form 3PGA (3-phosphoglycerate)

Question 26

C3 pathway (same as light independent pathway or Calvin cycle)

Answer 26

the 2nd stage of photosynthesis, in which electrons are used as a source of energy to convert inorganic CO2 to an organic form

Question 27

C3 plants

Answer 27

A plant that initially fixes carbon into a 3 carbon molecule using the C3 pathway

Question 28

reduction

Answer 28

the partial or full gain of electrons to a substance

Question 29

regeneration

Answer 29

in the light independent reactions of photosynthesis, the process by which G3P molecules generated by 3 turns of the Calvin cycle that do not exit the cycle are used to produce RuBP

Question 30

photorespiration

Answer 30

a process that metabolizes a by-product of photosynthesis

Question 31

C4 pathway

Answer 31

in C4 plants the pathway to fix CO2 into oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells and then produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle in bundle sheath cells

Question 32

PEP carboxylase

Answer 32

the enzyme in the C4 pathway that catalyzes carbon fixation reaction producing oxaloacetate

Question 33

crassulacean acid metabolism

Answer 33

a biochemical variation of photosynthesis that was discovered in a member of the plant family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide is taken up and stored during the night to allow the stomata to remain closed during the day time, decreasing water loss

Question 34

CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) pathway

Answer 34

in CAM plants the pathway to fix CO2 into oxaloacetate and then produce CO2 for the calvin cycle, bothh occurring in mesophyll cells, but separated by time of day.

Question 35

Great oxygen event (GOE)

Answer 35

the dramatic increase in atmospheric oxygen level around 2.5 to 2.3 billion years ago. GEO has been linked traditionally to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 36

photosynthesis

Answer 36

the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar and other organic molecules

Question 37

primary producer

Answer 37

an organism that uses light or chemical energy to convert simple inorganic molecules into organic molecules

Question 38

stroma

Answer 38

the fluid within the compartment formed by the inner membrane of the chloroplast

Question 39

thylakoids

Answer 39

a flattened, closed sac within the stroma of a chloroplast

Question 40

granum

Answer 40

structure in the chloroplast of higher plants formed by thylakoids stacked one on top of another