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Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photo Synthesis Equation

A

6CO2 +6H2O —–> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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2
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs all light wavelengths except for:

A

Green

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3
Q

Light-dependent Reactions

A
  • capture energy from sunlight

- make ATP to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

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4
Q

carbon fixation reactions

A

-use ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic molecules from CO2

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5
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

internal membrane arranged in flattened sacs

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6
Q

stroma

A

semiliquid substance surrounding thylakoid membrane

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7
Q

Chlorophyll and other pigments of photosynthesis are _______, which _________.

A

Photons; pass the energy along to other molecules until it reaches a special chlorophyll that contacts a thylakoid membrane-bound protein that receives energy in the form of an electron, initiating a series of electron transfer events that produce ATP + NADPH

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8
Q

Photon

A
  • Particle of light

- acts as a discrete bundle of energy

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9
Q

Energy content of a photon is ___________ proportional to the wavelength of light.

A

Inversely

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10
Q

absorption spectrum

A

the range and efficiency of photons it is capable of absorbing

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11
Q

chlorophyll A

A

most important (and abundant) pigment in plants and cyanobacteria

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12
Q

chlorophyll B

A

secondary pigment in absorbing some light wavelengths that chlorophyll A does not absorb

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13
Q

accessory pigments

A

secondary pigments absorbing light wavelengths other than those absorbed by chlorophyll A
-increase the range of wavelengths

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14
Q

3 different accessory pigments

A

chlorophyll B, carotenoids, phycobiloproteins

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15
Q

carotenoids

A
  • beta carotene
  • wider absorbance spectrum
  • lower efficiency than chlorophyll
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16
Q

antioxidants

A

give electrons to free radicals and neutralizing them, preventing DNA damage

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17
Q

photosystem

A
  1. a light harvesting complex of hundreds of accessory pigment molecules
  2. a reaction center of 1+ chlorophyll A molecules on the thylakoid membrane
    - energy is transferred from step 1 to 2
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18
Q

reduction

A

gaining an electron

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19
Q

oxidation

A

losing an electron

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20
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions (Stage 1)

A

primary photo-event: a photon of light is captured by a pigment molecule

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21
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions (stage 2)

A

charge separation: energy is transferred to the reaction center; an excited electron is transferred to an acceptor molecule

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22
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions (stage 3)

A

electron flow: electrons move through carriers to reduce NADP+

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23
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions (stage 4)

A

chemiosmosis: produces ATP

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24
Q

photosystem I

A

-reaction center pigment (P700) with a peak absorption at 700 nm

  • receives electrons from photosystem II
  • energy is shuttled to P700 reaction center
  • excited electron is transferred to a membrane bound electron carrier
  • electrons are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH
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25
Q

photosystem II

A

-reaction center pigment (P680) with a peak of absorption at 680nm

  • accessory pigments shuttle energy to the P680 reaction center
  • excited electrons from P680 are transferred to photosystem I
  • electron lost from P680 is replaced by an electron released from the splitting of water
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26
Q

ATP is produced via chemiosmosis. What happens?

A
  • ATP synthase is embedded in the thylakoid membrane
  • protons accumulate in thylakoid space
  • protons move into the stroma only thru ATP synthase
  • ATP is produced from ADP + P
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27
Q

carbon fixation (occurs when?)

A

the incorporation of CO2 molecules into organic molecules; occurs during the first step of the Calvin Cycle

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28
Q

To build carbohydrates, cells need (carbon-fixation reactions):

A
  1. energy (provided by ATP from light-dependent reactions)

2. reduction potential (a supply of electrons, provided by NADPH from photosystem I)

29
Q

gap junction

A

allow substances to flow from one cell to another, or molecules on the surface to interact with each other
-most common and rapid cell communication

30
Q

paracrine signaling

A

not touching, but signal travels nearby through the extracellular fluid

31
Q

endocrine signaling

A

signal travels long distance through the blood

32
Q

hormone

A

chemical signal made by the cell that travels through the blood; allows it to go anywhere in the body

33
Q

Cell Response (Step 1): Receptor Activation

A

the signaling molecule binds the receptor, usually the resulting conformational change causes the receptor to interact with other molecules inside the cell

34
Q

Cell Response (Step 2): Signal Transduction

A

a group of proteins that form a signal transduction pathway carry the message away from the cell surface

35
Q

Cell Response (Step 3): Cellular Response

A

the cell somehow changes its behavior

36
Q

ligand

A

signal

37
Q

Receptors may be on or inside the cell; these physically associate with _______.

A

ligands

38
Q

Sensitivity to external signals is determined by:

A
  • number of receptors present on target cell
  • percentage of receptors bound by ligand
  • affinity of ligand for receptor
39
Q

3 Types of Cell-Surface receptors

A
  • receptor tyrosine kinases
  • ion channel receptors
  • G protein-coupled receptors
40
Q

kinase

A

enzyme that adds a phosphate

41
Q

G protein coupled receptors

A

GDP ——> GTP

-nucleotide molecule like ATP except with guanine instead of adenine

42
Q

Which type of receptor would most likely not activate relay molecules and why?

A

Steroid receptor; its already in the cell

43
Q

second messenger

A

carry molecules from the plasma membrane to inside of the cell

44
Q

first messenger

A

the ligand itself

45
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

46
Q

Cells that die by apoptosis:

A

Shrink, condense, “blebbing” off the plasma membrane occurs, and eventually cell is engulfed by another cell

47
Q

Decreased apoptosis is a major mechanism of ______.

A

cancer

48
Q

Cells divide for:

A

growth, repair; replacing apoptosis

49
Q

homologous

A

similar

50
Q

haploid

A

one copy of each chromosome (sex cells)

51
Q

diploid

A

two copies if each chromosome

52
Q

Uncontrolled cell division causes ______.

A

tumors

53
Q

Tumors can become cancer if they:

A

invade areas of the body normally reserved for another cell type

54
Q

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

A
  • G1
  • S (Dna replication)
  • G2
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokenesis
55
Q

G1

A

time of cell growth

56
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication, sister chromatids are produced

57
Q

G2

A

chromosomes condense, proteins needed for mitosis are made

58
Q

Sister chromatids are held together in the middle by a ____________.

A

centromere

59
Q

What kinds of proteins are attached to the centromere?

A

Kinetochore

60
Q

What are attached to the kinetochore proteins?

A

micro tubules

61
Q

Mitosis phases

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
62
Q

G2 stage

A
  • chromosomes condense

- centrioles replicate in S and one moves to each pole

63
Q

prophase

A
  • chromatin fibers condense

- mitotic spindle begins to form by centromeres moving away from each other

64
Q

prometaphase

A
  • nuclear membrane breaks down

- chromosomes are further condenses and start to move down towards the middle of the cell

65
Q

metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate where they are attached to microtubules emanating from the opposite pole
66
Q

anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids suddenly separate and migrate towards opposite poles along microtubules
67
Q

telophase

A
  • two daughter nuclei form in the cell
  • nuclear membranes reform
  • followed by cytokenesis
68
Q

cleavage furrow

A

a sort of draw string to separate the two daughter cells

69
Q

plant version of cleavage furrow

A

cell plate

Biology (3 decks)

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