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Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Photo Synthesis Equation

A

6CO2 +6H2O —–> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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2
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs all light wavelengths except for:

A

Green

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3
Q

Light-dependent Reactions

A
  • capture energy from sunlight

- make ATP to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

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4
Q

carbon fixation reactions

A

-use ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic molecules from CO2

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5
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

internal membrane arranged in flattened sacs

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6
Q

stroma

A

semiliquid substance surrounding thylakoid membrane

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7
Q

Chlorophyll and other pigments of photosynthesis are _______, which _________.

A

Photons; pass the energy along to other molecules until it reaches a special chlorophyll that contacts a thylakoid membrane-bound protein that receives energy in the form of an electron, initiating a series of electron transfer events that produce ATP + NADPH

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8
Q

Photon

A
  • Particle of light

- acts as a discrete bundle of energy

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9
Q

Energy content of a photon is ___________ proportional to the wavelength of light.

A

Inversely

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10
Q

absorption spectrum

A

the range and efficiency of photons it is capable of absorbing

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11
Q

chlorophyll A

A

most important (and abundant) pigment in plants and cyanobacteria

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12
Q

chlorophyll B

A

secondary pigment in absorbing some light wavelengths that chlorophyll A does not absorb

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13
Q

accessory pigments

A

secondary pigments absorbing light wavelengths other than those absorbed by chlorophyll A
-increase the range of wavelengths

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14
Q

3 different accessory pigments

A

chlorophyll B, carotenoids, phycobiloproteins

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15
Q

carotenoids

A
  • beta carotene
  • wider absorbance spectrum
  • lower efficiency than chlorophyll
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16
Q

antioxidants

A

give electrons to free radicals and neutralizing them, preventing DNA damage

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17
Q

photosystem

A
  1. a light harvesting complex of hundreds of accessory pigment molecules
  2. a reaction center of 1+ chlorophyll A molecules on the thylakoid membrane
    - energy is transferred from step 1 to 2
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18
Q

reduction

A

gaining an electron

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19
Q

oxidation

A

losing an electron

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20
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions (Stage 1)

A

primary photo-event: a photon of light is captured by a pigment molecule

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21
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions (stage 2)

A

charge separation: energy is transferred to the reaction center; an excited electron is transferred to an acceptor molecule

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22
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions (stage 3)

A

electron flow: electrons move through carriers to reduce NADP+

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23
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions (stage 4)

A

chemiosmosis: produces ATP

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24
Q

photosystem I

A

-reaction center pigment (P700) with a peak absorption at 700 nm

  • receives electrons from photosystem II
  • energy is shuttled to P700 reaction center
  • excited electron is transferred to a membrane bound electron carrier
  • electrons are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH
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25
photosystem II
-reaction center pigment (P680) with a peak of absorption at 680nm - accessory pigments shuttle energy to the P680 reaction center - excited electrons from P680 are transferred to photosystem I - electron lost from P680 is replaced by an electron released from the splitting of water
26
ATP is produced via chemiosmosis. What happens?
- ATP synthase is embedded in the thylakoid membrane - protons accumulate in thylakoid space - protons move into the stroma only thru ATP synthase - ATP is produced from ADP + P
27
carbon fixation (occurs when?)
the incorporation of CO2 molecules into organic molecules; occurs during the first step of the Calvin Cycle
28
To build carbohydrates, cells need (carbon-fixation reactions):
1. energy (provided by ATP from light-dependent reactions) | 2. reduction potential (a supply of electrons, provided by NADPH from photosystem I)
29
gap junction
allow substances to flow from one cell to another, or molecules on the surface to interact with each other -most common and rapid cell communication
30
paracrine signaling
not touching, but signal travels nearby through the extracellular fluid
31
endocrine signaling
signal travels long distance through the blood
32
hormone
chemical signal made by the cell that travels through the blood; allows it to go anywhere in the body
33
Cell Response (Step 1): Receptor Activation
the signaling molecule binds the receptor, usually the resulting conformational change causes the receptor to interact with other molecules inside the cell
34
Cell Response (Step 2): Signal Transduction
a group of proteins that form a signal transduction pathway carry the message away from the cell surface
35
Cell Response (Step 3): Cellular Response
the cell somehow changes its behavior
36
ligand
signal
37
Receptors may be on or inside the cell; these physically associate with _______.
ligands
38
Sensitivity to external signals is determined by:
- number of receptors present on target cell - percentage of receptors bound by ligand - affinity of ligand for receptor
39
3 Types of Cell-Surface receptors
- receptor tyrosine kinases - ion channel receptors - G protein-coupled receptors
40
kinase
enzyme that adds a phosphate
41
G protein coupled receptors
GDP ------> GTP | -nucleotide molecule like ATP except with guanine instead of adenine
42
Which type of receptor would most likely not activate relay molecules and why?
Steroid receptor; its already in the cell
43
second messenger
carry molecules from the plasma membrane to inside of the cell
44
first messenger
the ligand itself
45
apoptosis
programmed cell death
46
Cells that die by apoptosis:
Shrink, condense, "blebbing" off the plasma membrane occurs, and eventually cell is engulfed by another cell
47
Decreased apoptosis is a major mechanism of ______.
cancer
48
Cells divide for:
growth, repair; replacing apoptosis
49
homologous
similar
50
haploid
one copy of each chromosome (sex cells)
51
diploid
two copies if each chromosome
52
Uncontrolled cell division causes ______.
tumors
53
Tumors can become cancer if they:
invade areas of the body normally reserved for another cell type
54
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
- G1 - S (Dna replication) - G2 - Mitosis - Cytokenesis
55
G1
time of cell growth
56
S phase
DNA replication, sister chromatids are produced
57
G2
chromosomes condense, proteins needed for mitosis are made
58
Sister chromatids are held together in the middle by a ____________.
centromere
59
What kinds of proteins are attached to the centromere?
Kinetochore
60
What are attached to the kinetochore proteins?
micro tubules
61
Mitosis phases
- Prophase - Prometaphase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
62
G2 stage
- chromosomes condense | - centrioles replicate in S and one moves to each pole
63
prophase
- chromatin fibers condense | - mitotic spindle begins to form by centromeres moving away from each other
64
prometaphase
- nuclear membrane breaks down | - chromosomes are further condenses and start to move down towards the middle of the cell
65
metaphase
- chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate where they are attached to microtubules emanating from the opposite pole
66
anaphase
- sister chromatids suddenly separate and migrate towards opposite poles along microtubules
67
telophase
- two daughter nuclei form in the cell - nuclear membranes reform - followed by cytokenesis
68
cleavage furrow
a sort of draw string to separate the two daughter cells
69
plant version of cleavage furrow
cell plate

Biology (3 decks)

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