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Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the flat shape of a leaf do?

A

Gives the leaf a larger surface area for trapping sunlight

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2
Q

Why do leaves pivot on their stems?

A

To change position relative to the sun for photosynthesis

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3
Q

Benefits of a thin leaf

A

Allows light waves to easily pass through

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4
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

It is the water conduction component of vascular tissue, transports water from soil/roots to the leaves.

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5
Q

What is a plastid?

A

A specialised organelle containing pigment to trap light energy.

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6
Q

What organelles are the site of photosynthesis?

A

Plastids

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7
Q

What is the main type of plastid?

A

Chloroplast

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8
Q

What pigment does the chloroplast have?

A

Chlorophyll which is a green pigment

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9
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Oval-shaped membrane bound organelles.

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10
Q

What is the the inner membrane of a chloroplast like?

A

It is highly folded to produce thylakoid stacks.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the heavy folds in the inner membrane of a chloroplast?

A

To increase surface area for chemical reactions of photosynthesis.

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12
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoid membranes which contain green pigment chlorophyll.

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13
Q

What is stroma?

A

The dense liquid interior of the chloroplast.

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14
Q

What does the stroma contain?

A

Numerous different enzymes needed for photosynthesis

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15
Q

Where is the site of light dependant phase of photosynthesis? (Energy capture)

A

Grana

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16
Q

What is the location of the light independant phase of photosynthesis? (Calvin cycle)

A

Stroma

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17
Q

What are lamellae?

A

membranes joining grana stacks.

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18
Q

What do lamellae do?

A

Provide structure to the chloroplast interior.

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19
Q

What are palisade cells?

A

Large rectangular cells found regularly and tightly packed in a single or double layer.

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20
Q

Where are palisade cells found?

A

Under the upper epidermal layer of leaf.

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21
Q

What are products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose, Cellulose, Starch and Disaccharides

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22
Q

What is the function of a cyclic pathway?

A

To produce a substrate that will be used again and again

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23
Q

What transform sunlight energy into chemical energy.?

A

Photosynthesis

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24
Q

What’s the Calvin cycle?

A

Light independant reactions of photosynthesis

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25
Q

What is photolysis?

A

One of the key stages in the light dependant stage reactions where water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen molecules.

26
Q

What else happens in the light dependant stage besides the splitting of water?

A

Molecules of ATP and NADPH are produced and sent to the next stage of PS.

27
Q

What is NADP?

A

A coenzyme that becomes NADPH and carries the charged H+ ions to the next section.

28
Q

Where does the L.I.R occur?

A

The stroma

29
Q

What is needed to convert CO2 to a 6 carbon sugar?

A

NADPH + ATP

30
Q

What is rubisco?

A

The enzyme that catalyses the reaction of RUBP+CO2

31
Q

What is ribulose biphosphate?

A

A 5 carbon compound that binds with CO2 at the beginning of the Calvin cycle

32
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

the process where carbon dioxide molecules in the chloroplasts are joined with RuBp to start the processes in the Calvin cycle

33
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria of plants.

34
Q

What does aerobic respiration mean?

A

O2 is taken up and CO2 is released.

35
Q

What is the first stage of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

36
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

Cytoplasm

37
Q

What is the process of glycolysis?

A

Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate?

38
Q

What is the second stage of C.R?

A

Activation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

39
Q

Where does the activation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix.

40
Q

What is the third stage of C.R?

A

the Krebs Cycle

41
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

42
Q

What is the process of the Krebs cycle?

A

Series of reactions producing carbon dioxide, ATP and hydrogens/

43
Q

What’s the fourth stage of C.R?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

44
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Cistae

45
Q

What is the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

H2 is oxidised to water using energy released as ATP.

46
Q

What’s the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 12H2O —–> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

47
Q

What is photolysis?

A

Water being split

48
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis.

49
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The glucose being broken down into two molecules of pyruvate

50
Q

What is the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate being split and added to coenzyme A ready to enter the Krebs cycle.

51
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

A derivative of Pyruvate is decomposed to Co2

52
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy, or used in other anabolic reactions.

53
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

54
Q

What is exergonic?

A

(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by the release of energy.

55
Q

What is endergonic?

A

(of a metabolic or chemical process) accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants.

56
Q

What are the products of the light dependant phase?

A

Oxygen, ATP and NADPH

57
Q

What are the products of the light independent phase?

A

Glucose, Water

58
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

is an important enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate

59
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

60
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

Biology (7 decks)

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