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Biology A level section 5 > photosynthesis > Flashcards

photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Process converting light energy to chemical energy.

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2
Q

What are photo-autotrophs?

A

Organisms that use light to produce food.

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3
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In chloroplasts.

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4
Q

Where does the light dependant reaction of photosynthesis occur

A

Thylakoid membranes

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5
Q

Where does the light independent reaction of photosynthesis occur

A

Stroma of chloroplasts

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6
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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7
Q

What are light-dependent reactions?

A

Reactions that require light to produce ATP.

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8
Q

What are light-independent reactions?

A

Reactions using ATP to synthesize glucose. Makes up the Calvin cycle

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9
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy transfer molecule produced in photosynthesis. Formed from the phosphorylation of ADP. When ATP is hydrolysed energy is released.

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What are the features of the structures within a chloroplast. (details and function related to photosynthesis)

A
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What is reduced NADP/NADPH2?

A

An electron carrier produced in light-dependent reactions.

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14
Q

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane.

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15
Q

What is photoionisation?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs light, light energy excites electron so two electrons leave the chlorophyll to the ETC. the chlorophyll is therefore ionised and oxidised.

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16
Q

What is photolysis?

A

Splitting of water into 2 electrons, 2 protons and oxygen to replace electrons lost from chlorophyll during photoionisation.

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17
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

Simultaneous oxidation and reduction of molecules.Occurs during the electron transport chain were the electrons release energy with each rdoex reaction.

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18
Q

What is a proton gradient?

A

Difference in proton concentration across membranes created by proton pumps which pump protons across the thylakoid membrane (pumps - not active transport).

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19
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Proton movement drives ATP synthesis.

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20
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

ATP production using light energy.

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21
Q

What is a granum?

A

Stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts.

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22
Q

What is stroma?

A

Fluid surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts.

23
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Cells regulating gas exchange in leaves.

24
Q

What is a waxy cuticle?

A

Protective layer preventing water loss.

25
Q

Where does most photosynthesis occur in a leaf?

A

In the palisade mesophyll.

26
Q

What is spongy mesophyll?

A

Leaf layer facilitating gas exchange.

27
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Pigment absorbing light for photosynthesis.

28
Q

What are stomata?

A

Pores for gas exchange in leaves.

29
Q

What is chromatography?

A

Technique to separate leaf pigments.

30
Q

What is ADP?

A

Precursor to ATP, used in energy transfer.

31
Q

What are protons?

A

Charged particles that activate ATP synthase.

32
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

Enzyme that synthesizes ATP during chemiosmosis.

33
Q

What is photolysis of water?

A

Splitting water to produce protons, electrons, oxygen.

34
Q

What is the light dependent reaction?

A

First stage of photosynthesis producing ATP, NADPH, oxygen.

35
Q

What is DCPIP?

A

Electron acceptor used as a redox indicator.

36
Q

What is a colorimeter?

A

Device measuring light absorption in solutions.

37
Q

What is dehydrogenase activity?

A

Rate of enzyme activity monitored using DCPIP.

38
Q

What is ammonium hydroxide?

A

Weedkiller that inhibits NADP dehydrogenase.

39
Q

What is chloroplast isolation?

A

Process using cold, isotonic solution and centrifugation.

40
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

Light Independent Reaction producing glucose and organic compounds.

41
Q

What is ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)?

A

5-carbon molecule that combines with CO2 in LIR.

42
Q

What is RUBISCO?

A

Enzyme catalyzing the fixation of CO2.

43
Q

What is glycerate 3-phosphate?

A

3-carbon compound formed in the Calvin Cycle.

44
Q

What is triose phosphate?

A

Intermediate in the Calvin Cycle used to form glucose.

45
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

Factor that restricts the rate of a reaction.

46
Q

How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?

A

Low light reduces GP.

47
Q

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?

A

Higher levels increase GP production in photosynthesis.

48
Q

What is GP (glycerate phosphate)?

A

Intermediate that increases with no light availability.

49
Q

How is the rate of photosynthesis measured?

A

By changes in GP, triose phosphate, RuBP.

50
Q

What is hydrolysis of ATP?

A

Releases energy for the Calvin Cycle reactions.

51
Q

What is oxygen gas in photosynthesis?

A

By-product of Light Dependent Reaction, released into atmosphere.

52
Q

What are electrons in the context of photosynthesis?

A

Subatomic particles that replace lost chlorophyll electrons.

53
Q

What is absorbency measurement?

A

Quantitative assessment of DCPIP color change over time.

54
Q

What is differential centrifugation?

A

Technique to separate chloroplasts from cellular debris.

Biology A level section 5 (3 decks)

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