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Biology A level section 5 > Ch 12 Respiration > Flashcards

Ch 12 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the GCSE equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy transferred

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2
Q

What is the main function of respiration?

A

Formation of ATP

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3
Q

What are the features of mitochondria?

A
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4
Q

What are the two types of phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP?

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation - formation of ATP via the
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5
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a reactive intermediate substrate to ADP

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6
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Formation of ATP via the ETC of aerobic respiration, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor

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7
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Molecules required by enzymes to function
e.g NAD, FAD, NADP, Co-enzyme A

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8
Q

What are the 4 stages of respiration and what happens in each o

A
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9
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm
occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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10
Q

Diagram for glycolysis

A
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11
Q

What happens at each stage of glycolysis

A
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12
Q

What is produced during glycolysis?

A

2 x reduced NAD, 2 x pyruvate (3C), 4 x ATP

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13
Q

What is the link reaction and where does it occur

A
  • Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
  • Pyruvate moves into the mitochondria by active transport and is oxidised to acetate to combine with acetyl co-enzyme A
  • Happens twice for one molecule of glucose
  • Involves decarboxylation (removal of CO2)
  • Only occurs in aerobic respiration
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14
Q

Diagram of the link reaction

A
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15
Q

Overall equation for the link reaction

A

Pyruvate + NAD + CoA –>acetyl CoA + NADH2 + CO2

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16
Q

Diagram of the Kreb’s cycle

A
17
Q

What are the stages of the Kreb’s cycle

A
  • Acetyl coenzyme A (2C) combines with 4C molecule to produce a 6C molecule, releasing coenzyme A
  • The 6C molecule loses 2 x carbon dioxide to give a 4C molecule (decarboxylation)
  • 6C molecule is oxidised, and reduced NAD and reduced FAD are produced (redox reactions)
  • ATP is produced through substrate level phosphorylation
18
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

19
Q

What are the reactants and products for the link reaction and the Kreb’s cycle

A
20
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

On the inner mitochondrial membrane

21
Q

Diagram of oxidative phosphorylation

A
22
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxygen

23
Q

What are the stages of oxidative phosphorylation (similar to photosynthesis)

A
  • rNAD and rFAD are oxidised and the H splits into protons and electrons
  • Electrons move to electron transfer chain and electrons are transferred along the ETC by series of redox reactions, releasing energy with each reaction
  • Protons (from rNAD and rFAD) are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space, using energy from redox reactions, establishing proton gradient across the membrane
  • Protons move back into the mitochondrial matrix by facilitated diffusion through the channel protein, activating ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)
  • Phosphorylation of ADP + Pi to ATP using energy from electrons’ redox reactions and ATP synthase
  • Protons combine with electrons from ETC and oxygen to form water
  • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
24
Q

What affects respiratory efficiency

A
  • Total number of ATP produced from a single glucose molecule depends on efficiency of the cell
  • Heat energy lost to the environment reduces efficiency of energy transfer from glucose to ATP
  • By releasing energy from glucose in a multi-stage reaction, reduces the amount of energy lost to the environment
25
Q

How are other respiratory substrates used in respiration

A

Lipids:

  • Lipids are hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids
  • Glycerol is phosphorylated to form triose phosphate (enters glycolysis)
  • Fatty acids are broken down to 2C molecules to form acetyl CoA (enter Krebs Cycle)

Proteins:

  • Amino acids deaminated (amino group removed)
  • If 3C remain – enter as pyruvate
  • If 4 or 5C remain – enter as Krebs Cycle intermediates
26
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants

A

GCSE equation : Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy transferred

At the end of glycolysis
*pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide molecule
* pyruvate is converted to ethanol using H2 from the oxidising of reduced NAD

27
Q

Diagram of anaerobic respiration in plants

A
28
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

GCSE equation:
Glucose lactic acid + energy transferred

At the end of glycolysis,
* pyruvate is converted to lactate using H2 from the oxidising of reduced NAD

29
Q

What is the effect of lactate build-up in muscles?

A
  • Lactate in solution is lactic acid
  • lactic acid decreases the pH of cytoplasm/tissue fluid
  • This causes enzymes to denature
  • This causes muscle fatigue if this occurs in muscles
30
Q

What happens to the lactate produce during anaerobic respiration

A
  • Oxidises to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions
  • converted to glycogen and stored in the liver
31
Q

What is a respirometer used for?

A

To measure the rate of respiration (Must be airtight as they rely on pressure changes to work)

  • An increase in volume leads to an increase in pressure
  • Movement will always be from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
32
Q

What happens in a respirometer in aerobic respiration experiments

A
  • Organisms absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide by diffusion
  • Carbon dioxide is absorbed by potassium hydroxide (soda lime)
  • Absorbed oxygen reduces gas volume and therefore gas pressure
  • Manometer fluid moves towards the organisms as pressure is now lower in experiment tube compared to the control tube
33
Q

What happens in a respirometer in anaerobic respiration experiments

A
  • Uses yeast as the respiring organism
  • Layer of oil on top of yeast/glucose solution to make conditions anaerobic
  • Yeast releases CO2 by diffusion
    CO2 released increases gas volume and therefore gas pressure
  • Manometer fluid moves away from yeast as pressure in the experiment control tube is now higher than in the control tube
34
Q

How do you calculate rate of aerobic respiration using a respirometer and what are the units

A
  • Weigh the mass of the woodlice before the experiment
  • Record the distance moved by the manometer fluid in the set time
  • Use the radius of the tube and calculate volume as ∏r2 x distance
  • Divide volume by time, and then divide this by mass of woodlice
  • Therefore the units are mm^3 s^-1 g^1
    (mm cubed per second per gram)

Biology A level section 5 (3 decks)

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