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Plant physiology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of leaves

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

shorter wavelength is higher or lower energy

A

higher

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3
Q

what types of light is required for photosynthesis

A

red and blue

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4
Q

where does photosynthesis happen

A

mesophyll cells

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5
Q

is all of the abosrbed light used for photosynthesis

A

no- only 4%

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6
Q

more chloroplasts =

A

more photosynthesis

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7
Q

pigments

A

light absorbing compounds

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8
Q

the color of the pigment comes from

A

the wavelength of light that is reflected

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9
Q

what light does chlorophyll relfect

A

green

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10
Q

what light does carotenoids reflect

A

yellow, orange, reds

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11
Q

anthocyanins

A

purple, pink, blue (antioxidants)

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12
Q

chlorophyll captures light energy to initiate light rxn TF

A

T

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13
Q

when chlorophyll absorbs light it __

A

changes its energy state

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14
Q

chlorophyll + photon =

A

charged chlorophyll

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15
Q

is the charged chlorophyll stable

A

no

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16
Q

does chlorophyll bond to the photon

A

no

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17
Q

what is the higher energy state for wavelengths of light - red or blue

A

blue is higher red is lower

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18
Q

what are the pathways that the electron can return to ground state

A

heat, flourescence, energy transfer to molecule in close proximity,

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19
Q

what type of light typically is released as heat

A

blue light - too high energy

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20
Q

what happens when the photon is released by flouresence

A

light of longer wavelength lower energy

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21
Q

photochemistry

A

light energy converted to chemical energy

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22
Q

excitation energy can be transferred between _______

A

different chlorophyll pigments

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23
Q

does energy get transferred or electrons

A

energy

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24
Q

where does all of the energy go to

A

the reaction center

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25
Q

photochemistry

A

what happens at the reaction center

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26
Q

why do energy overflow pathways exist

A

if every photon is absorbed and converted to

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27
Q

efficiency depends on

A

temperature, water availability, nutrient availability

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28
Q

antenna complex

A

area where light energy is transferred between chlorophyll pigments to get to the reaction center

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29
Q

when do electrons come into play in photosynthesis

A

at reaction center

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30
Q

oxidation

A

lose electron

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31
Q

reduction

A

gain electron

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32
Q

what comes first- photosystem 1 or 2

A

2

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33
Q

antenna complex

A

light harvesting complex - has chlorophyll and funnels energy into reaction center

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34
Q

what funnels energy into the reaction center

A

the light harvesting complex

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35
Q

what happens at the reaction center

A

the antenna pigments transfer light energy to the reaction center

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36
Q

how many photosystems do plants have

A

2

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37
Q

where are the photosystems located

A

thylakoid

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38
Q

what happens in PS2

A

oxidation of water into O2 and H+

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39
Q

Explain the oxidation of water into O2 and H+

A

The electron is bounced off of PS2 and becomes oxidized (lose electron) which is hughly unstable. The water is stripped of an electron that restabilizes PS2. Water splits into Hydrogen and Oxygen gas.

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40
Q

PS2 is stabilized because

A

water is stripped of an electron

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41
Q

lumen

A

inside of thylakoid

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42
Q

plastoquinone

A

lipid soluble

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43
Q

every time this flashcard comes up please watch a video on the photosystems

A

j

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44
Q

4 general steps

A
  1. oxidize water into O2 and H+
  2. Electron transport chain
  3. formation of NADPH
  4. Formation of ATP
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45
Q

formation of NADPH steps

A

PS! loses electron which is transferred to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Then, electrons move in direction of PS1 to stabilize it. Water is the electron donor

46
Q

How does ATP Form

A

The electrochemical gradient from hydrogen ions trapped in lumen. This creates electrochemical gradient and ATP Synthase rotates

47
Q

what is the rotary machine for ATP formation

A

atp synthase

48
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

thylakoid membrane

49
Q

what do we measure light in

A

PAR- photosynthetically active radiation

50
Q

as light intensity increases, photosynthesis increases TF

A

True to a certain extent. very intense light can damage photosynthetic machinery

51
Q

when you apply heat to fat it ____

A

melts

52
Q

excess light stress prevents electron transpot chan and leads to

A

excess energt around Pn machinery

53
Q

how does temperature affect the light reaction

A

when you apply heat to fat it melts. lipids in membrane are fluid at high temperatures so transfer reactions aren’t as good.

Also protein denaturation

54
Q

what are reactive oxygen species

A

molecular oxygen (not 02) its charged and wants to bond with something else.

55
Q

what do the reactive oxygen species go after

A

chlorophyll
proteins
membranes

56
Q

photooxidation

A

oxidation reduction induced by light

57
Q

OILRIG

A

oxidation is loss reduction is gain

58
Q

if electrons are given to B from A, A is the electron donor which is (oxidized or reduced)

A

oxidized

59
Q

what is a strong oxidizer

A

a molecule that reacts with other things easily

60
Q

how do plants change the lipids in the tails of the membranes to become liquid or gel like

A

by making their tails saturated or unsaturated. Response to stress

61
Q

saturated fat

A

all carbons have hydrogens and therefore all carbon to carbon bonds are single bondsu

62
Q

unsaturated fat

A

double bonds between carbons - easier to break

63
Q

are thylakoid membranes saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated to be fluid in the thylakoid membrane

64
Q

TF chlorophyll is super hydrophobic

A

T because its imbedded in the thylakoid membrane

65
Q

how do plants prevent excessive light absorbtion

A

chloroplast movement from surface to side of cells

66
Q

caroteniods

A

light harvesting complex

67
Q

carboxylation

A

the linkage of carbon to something else that is in the plant

68
Q

RuBisCo what does it do

A

pulls together CO2 and catalyzes reaction to attach it to RuBPw

69
Q

what is the most abundant protein in the world

A

Rubisco

70
Q

what is the rate limiting step in plants

A

Carboxylation of RuBP
RUBISCO!!!!!!!!

71
Q

when rubisco links with oxygen what happen

A

photosynthesis doesnt happen

72
Q

when rubisco links with carbon what happens

A

photosynthesis

73
Q

is it hard for rubisco to tell the difference between carbon and oxygen gas

A

yes

74
Q

what is the main factor on determining if carboxylation or oxygenation will happen with rubisco

A

the percentage of carbon and oxygen

75
Q

respiration

A

using O2 and releasing CO2

76
Q

respiration during photosynthesis is called

A

photorespiration.

77
Q

what happens in photorespiration

A

rubisco takes up oxygen

78
Q

photoxidation

A

during photosynthesis, when molecular oxygen turns into an oxygen radical

79
Q

what is the biochemical step that produces sugars

A

Calvin cycle

80
Q

watch video on photorespiration

A

-

81
Q

rubisco + RuBP + Co2 later becomes

A

glucose

82
Q

is photorespiration normal respiration

A

no

83
Q

why does photorespiration happen

A

early atmosphere has little O2 and there was no selective pressure against binding O2

84
Q

what conditions favor photorespiration

A

hot
dry
sunny
alter solubility ot decrease the CO2 levels

ANYTHING that closes stomata

85
Q

what will plants do to reduce water loss in leaves

A

close stomata

86
Q

what happens when the stomata close

A

they have lost the ability to transport air into the leaf. There is no limit on oxygen bc oxygen is produced in leaf. CO2 is limiting when stomata is closed

87
Q

points of resistance to the diffusion of CO2 from outside the leaf to the chloroplasts

A

-whether stomata is open or closed
-membranes
-chloroplasts

88
Q

the drops in concentration of CO2 on the outside keep it coming into the cell TF

A

T

89
Q

what types of photosynthesis have little photorespiration

A

C4 plants
CAM Plants

90
Q

Which plants are more resilient through drought and warm weather, C3 or C4

A

C4

91
Q

what are the major differences that C4 plants have compared to C3

A

-mesophyll surrounds bundle sheath so carbon can’t escape
- additional enzyme
- Concentrations of CO2 around RubBisCo

92
Q

why is the bundle sheath in C3 plants

A

structural support

93
Q

what carboxylates carbon in mesophyll cells in C4 plants i

A

PEP- phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

94
Q

TF photorespiration reduces amt of sugars being produced

A

T

95
Q

what does PEP do

A

fixes carbon so it doesnt bond with oxygen and only goes after CO2.

96
Q

where is PEP located

A

mesophyll cells

97
Q

how does C4 separate carbon fixation and carbon assimilation

A

by it happening in Mesophyll cell and then bundle sheath cell

98
Q

watch video for C4 photosynthesis

A

-

99
Q

PEP has affinity to O2 TF

A

F it doesnt

100
Q

concentrated CO2 in the bundle sheath go straight to __________ in C4

A

rubisco

101
Q

less photorespiration = higher or lower Pn efficiency

A

higher

102
Q

How do C4 plants have higher water use efficiency

A

plants close their water to conserve water and the photo can still happen. Less water loss yet still efficient

103
Q

how do C4 plants have higher nitrogen efficienct

A

less rubisco than C3 plants/ Dont have to worry about concentrating CO2 so less rubisco is needed. N content of C4 plants is less and they are able to use N more efficiently than C3 plants

104
Q

who is more efficient when its not hot and dry C3 or C4

A

C3

105
Q

CAM Photosynthesis where does it occur

A

Mostly mesophyll

106
Q

what happens for CAM Photosynthesis at night

A

stomata open and take up CO2 to prevent water evap during the day.

107
Q

what takes up CO2 in CAM Plants

A

pepcarboxylase

108
Q

temporal separation

A

separating light and dark reactions

109
Q

facultative CAM

A

plants that can turn cam on and off

110
Q

Is growth the most important in arid environments

A

no defense is- cacti

111
Q
A

Plant physiology (3 decks)

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