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1A AP Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

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2
Q

Autotrophs

A

Sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms (producers)

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3
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Obtains their organic material from other organisms (consumers)

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4
Q

Reactants

A

From air and soil (6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy)

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5
Q

Products

A

Used in cellular respiration to make ATP (6O2 + C6H12O6)

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6
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Structurally similar to photosynthetic bacteria- allows for the chemical reactions of photosynthesis

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7
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigments within chloroplasts- creates green color in leaves

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8
Q

Mesophyll

A

The interior tissue of the leaf where most chloroplasts are found (cells contain 30-40 chloroplasts)

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9
Q

Stomata

A

Microscopic pores where CO2 enters and O2 exits

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10
Q

Thylakoids

A

Membrane (connected sacs in the chloroplast) where chlorophyll is in

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11
Q

Grana

A

Stacked columns of thylakoids

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12
Q

Stroma

A

A dense interior fluid contained in chloroplasts

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13
Q

The splitting of water

A

Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, releasing oxygen as a by-product

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14
Q

Oxidation

A

The substance that loses electrons is said to be oxidized (OIL)

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15
Q

Reduction

A

The substance that gains electrons is said to be reduced (RIG)

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16
Q

Light Reactions

A
  • In the Thylakoids
  • Split H2O -> release O2
  • Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
  • Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
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17
Q

Calvin cycle

A
  • In the stroma
  • Forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH
  • Carbon fixation
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18
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between crests of waves- determines the type of electromagnetic energy

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19
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

The entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

20
Q

Visible light

A

Consists of wavelengths that produce colors we can see

21
Q

Photons

A

Light also behaves as though it consists of discrete particles

22
Q

Pigments

A

Substances that absorb visible light; Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light

23
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

Measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths

24
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

A graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption verses wavelength

25
Q

Action spectrum

A

Profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving process

26
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

The main photosynthetic pigment

27
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

Broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis

28
Q

Carotenoids

A

Absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll

29
Q

Excited state

A

When a pigment absorbs light it goes from a ground state to an excited state which is unstable

30
Q

Photosystem

A

Consists of a reaction-center complex (a type of protein complex) surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

31
Q

Light-harvesting complexes

A

Pigment molecules bound to proteins; Transfers the energy of photons to the reaction center

32
Q

Primary electron acceptor

A

In the reaction center; Accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result

33
Q

Photosystem II

A

Functions first and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm (reaction-center chlorophyll a is called P680)

34
Q

Photosystem I

A

Best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm (reaction-center chlorophyll a is called P700)

35
Q

Linear electron flow

A

The primary pathway; Involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

36
Q

First step of the linear electron flow

A

A photon of light strikes a pigment molecule in a light-harvesting complex of PS II, boosting one of its electrons to a higher energy level (excited state). Energy is relayed to other pigment molecules until it reaches the P680 pair of chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center complex

37
Q

Second step of the linear electron flow

A

An electron from the excited P680 (now P680+) is transferred to the primary electron acceptor

38
Q

Third step of the linear electron flow

A

P680+ is the strongest biological oxidizing agent; its electron “hole” must be filled -> An enzyme catalyzes the slitting of water molecule (2 electrons, 2 hydrogen ions (H+) -> released into the thylakoid lumen, an oxygen atom -> released in the form of O2)

39
Q

Fourth step of the linear electron flow

A

Each photoexcited electron passes from the primary electron acceptor of PS II to PS I via an electron transport chain (ETC) made up of plastoquinone (Pq), a cytochrome complex, nd plastocyanin (Pc)

40
Q

Fifth step of the linear electron flow

A

The exergonic “fall” of electrons to a lower energy level allows for the synthesis of ATP. As electrons pass through the cytochrome complex, H+ are pumped into the thylakoid lumen, contributing to the proton gradient that is used in chemiosmosis

41
Q

Sixth step of the linear electron flow

A

Light harvesting complexes in PS I are excited by another photon and transfer energy. An electron of the P700 pair chlorophyll molecules is excited and passed to the PS I primary electron acceptor. Now that P700+ has an electron “hole”, it can act as an electron acceptor (PS I accepts the electron that reached the bottom of the ETC from PS II).

42
Q

Cyclic electron flow

A

Uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH; generates surplus ATP

43
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work; Protons build up in the thylakoid lumen -> can only diffuse through ATP synthase -> ATP is produced

44
Q

First step of carbon cycle

A

Carbon fixation (CO2 catalysed by rubisco)

45
Q

Second step of carbon cycle

A

Reduction (carbon molecules are reduced using ATP which is then turned into ADP & NADPH which is then turned into NADP+ + P until it creates a sugar named glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P))

46
Q

Third step of carbon cycle

A

Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

1A AP Biology (2 decks)

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