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1A AP Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Exergonic

A

Catabolic breakdown of organic molecules- releases energy

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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3
Q

Fermentation

A

A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 (anaerobic)

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

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5
Q

The catabolism of glucose free energy change

A

-686 kcal / mol

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6
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Transferring the terminal phosphate group to another molecule

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7
Q

Transfer of electrons

A

The transfer (relocation) of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules

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8
Q

Synthesis of ATP

A

The release energy from the transfer of electrons is used to synthesize ATP

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9
Q

Oxidation-reduction/redox reaction

A

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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10
Q

Oxidation

A

Substance loses electrons (OIL)

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11
Q

Reduction

A

A substance gains electrons (RIG)

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12
Q

Reducing agent

A

The electron donor

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13
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

The electron receptor

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14
Q

Enzymes

A

In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps- each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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15
Q

NAD+

A

A coenzyme- Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+

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16
Q

Electron carriers

A

NADH and FADH; Hydrogen atoms are stripped from glucose and passed to these electron carriers

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17
Q

Electron transport chain

A

NADH passes electrons to the electron transport chain

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18
Q

Glycolysis

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm; Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

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19
Q

Citric acid / Krebs cycle

A
  • Completes the breakdown of glucose (pyruvate -> CO2)
  • Oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn
20
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

(Powered by redox reactions of the ETC, inorganic P added to ADP) accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration

21
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

Phosphate group transferred from a organic substrate to ADP- forms small amount of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

22
Q

Glucose -> ATP

A

For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration, the cell makes up to 32 molecules of ATP

23
Q

Energy investment phase

A

One of glycolysis major phases (how many put in?)

24
Q

Energy payoff phase

A

One of glycolysis major phases (how many released?)

25
Q

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A
  • Electrons are removed- passed to electron carriers (NADH) and taken to ETC
  • Citric acid cycle: NADH & FADH2 relay electrons from food to the ETC
26
Q

Oxygen in glycolysis

A

Glycolysis occurs whether oxygen is present or not

27
Q

Oxidation of glucose

A

If O2 is present pyruvate enters the mitochondrion (in eukaryotic cells) where the oxidation of glucose is completed

28
Q

Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

A

Before the citric acid (Krebs) cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

29
Q

Steps of the citric cycle

A

[8 steps]
- A acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate
- The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle

30
Q

Chemiosmosis couple (ETC -> ATP synthesis)

A

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 accounts for most energy extracted from food -> electron carrier donate electrons to ETC -> powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

31
Q

Cristae

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion where ETC is location

32
Q

Final electron acceptor (ETC)

A

Carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states until electrons drop free energy and are passed to the final electron acceptor: O2, forming H2O

33
Q

Cytochromes

A

Proteins that electrons are passed through (each with an iron atom) to O2

34
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Pumps H+ due to proteins from electron transfer in the ETC to the intermembrane space

35
Q

ATP synthase

A

Protein that H+ passes through after moving back across the membrane

36
Q

Phosphorylation

A

ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

37
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

38
Q

Proton-motive force

A

The H+ gradient, energy stored in a H+ gradient across a membrane couples the redox reactions of ETC -> ATP synthesis

39
Q

Cellular respiration sequence

A

Glucose -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP

40
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps
- First releasing CO2

Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking

41
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2

42
Q

Human muscle cells

A

Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce

43
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

44
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Yeast and many bacteria, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

45
Q

Amino acids

A

Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

46
Q

Glycerol

A

Used in glycolysis from fats that are digested

47
Q

Fatty acids

A

Used in generating acetyl CoA from fats that are digested

1A AP Biology (2 decks)

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