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photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the difference between the stroma and the thylakoid

A

Stroma is the fluid in the chloroplast Thylakoid is a membranous organelle present in the chloroplast.

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2
Q

light independent reaction equation

A

fixed carbon dioxide + ATP + NADPH = glucose

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3
Q

what is the photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light 🠒 C6H12O6 +6O2

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4
Q

Which part of a molecule does sunlight ‘excite’?

A

electron

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5
Q

Which pigment molecule in plant cells absorbs light?

A

Chlorophyll

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6
Q

Which organelle contains chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light energy during photosynthesis?

A

chloroplast

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7
Q

Sunlight is absorbed by ______
in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions

A

chlorophyll

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8
Q

The chemiosmotic gradient is an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions across the ____
membrane of the chloroplast.

A

thylakoid

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9
Q

How much of the light that reaches the earth from the sun is used for photosynthesis?

A

1%

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10
Q

Which of the following is required for the photolysis of water?

A

light

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11
Q

Which process moves ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

chemiosmosis

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12
Q

For what purpose is sunlight used in the process of photosynthesis?

A

Photolysis of water

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13
Q

Which process splits water molecules using light energy to replace electrons?

A

photolysis

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14
Q

Which process creates energy used by ATP synthase to chemically bond a phosphate group to ADP, synthesizing ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

chemiosmotic gradient

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15
Q

what is the general purpose of the light reactions of photosynthesis

A

to convert light energy into chemical energy

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16
Q

True or False: NADPH stores the energy from excited electrons in chemical bonds

A

yes, true

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17
Q

True or False: the light reactions need light because it is required to energize electrons.

A

yes, true

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18
Q

what type of chemical energy is used to drive light-independent reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH

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19
Q

carbon is added to RuBP in what step of photosynthesis

A

the calvin cycle

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20
Q

energy captured fromt eh sun during the light reactions is converted to chemical energy and stored temporarily in NADPH and ____

A

ATP

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21
Q

in photosynthesis, ___ from the sun is transformed and stored in the form of glucose

A

energy

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22
Q

what is the source of carbon in a glucose molecule produced by photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide

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23
Q

what step in photosynthesis may occur during day and night?

A

light independent reactions

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24
Q

what process is a part of cellular respiration but not photosynthesis?

A

Krebs cycle

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25
Q

what is a by product of the light reactions?

A

O2

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26
Q

where do the protons that drive chemiosmosis in photosynthesis come from?

A

H2O

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27
Q

what is the difference between the krebs cycle and the calvin cycle

A

the calvin cycle is part of photosynthesis, while the krebs is part of the cellular respiration

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28
Q

True or False: the processes of photosynthesis and respiration are the same as they follow the same sequence of chemical reactions

A

no, false

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29
Q

what part of photosynthesis involves an electron transport chain?

A

light dependent reactions

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30
Q

each ATP molecule has ____ phosphate groups

A

three

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31
Q

each ATP molecule has ____ phosphate groups

A

three

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32
Q

which cells does glucose reach in the human body?

A

all of your cells

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33
Q

two of the most important energy-carrying molecules are ___ and ATP

A

glucose

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34
Q

the two universal energy-carrying molecules are ___

A

ATP and glucose

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35
Q

by which process is the chemical energy of glucose converted to the chemical energy of ATP?

A

cellular respiration

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36
Q

In an ATP molecule, energy used by the cell is stored in

A

a bond between phosphate groups

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37
Q

glucose is broken down to produce ___, which is cellular energy

A

ATP

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38
Q

The ATP and NADPH formed during the light reactions store ___ energy that is used during the Calvin cycle to build glucose

A

chemical

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39
Q

the attachment of carbon dioxide to which molecule is the first step in the Calvin cycle?

A

RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate)

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40
Q

Which is the most common carbon fixation pathway that combines one molecule of CO2 with a 5-carbon sugar called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)?

A

C3, C3 pathway

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41
Q

tiny openings under the leaf which normally allow CO2 to enter and O2 to leave the leaf are called ____

A

stomata

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42
Q

how many molecules of carbon dioxide are necessary to make one molecule of glucose?

A

6

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43
Q

which of the following is a pathway for carbon fixation?

A

CAM, C4, C3

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44
Q

what are the major events that occur during the light reaction in the photosynthesis stage?

A

NADPH and ATP are produced
Oxygen gas is released
water is split

45
Q

which carbon fixation pathway involves plants opening their stomata at night to fix CO2 in order to prevent water loss?

A

CAM

46
Q

what is the main final product of the Calvin cycle?

A

glucose

47
Q

which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that combines CO2 with a 5-carbon sugar, ribulose biphosphate, to initiate the calvin cycle?

A

RuBisCo

48
Q

in both CAM and C4 plants, what happens first during the calvin cycle?

A

carbon is fixed

49
Q

why does cellular respiration release energy from glucose

A

to make ATP

50
Q

cellular respiration is the process in which cells break down glucose and make energy in the form of ___

A

ATP

51
Q

cellular respiration converts energy from ____

A

glucose

52
Q

what happens during cellular respiration?

A

glucose is broken down into pyruvate
the electron transport chain requires oxygen
the krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria

53
Q

what products are synthesized during aerobic respiration

A

ATP, carbon dioxide

54
Q

which process occurs int eh cells cytoplasm and does not require oxygen?

A

glycolysis

55
Q

which step of cellular respiration does not require oxygen?

A

glycolysis

56
Q

which process occurs in the cytoplasm

A

glycolysis

57
Q

in the presence of oxygen, energy is converted from glucose into numerous ATP molecules during ____

A

cellular respiration

58
Q

how many ATP and NADH molecules are gained during glycolysis?

A

two ATP molecules, two NADH molecules

59
Q

what is the net gain in ATP molecules produced during the reactions of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?

A

2

60
Q

glucose is split into two _____ during glycolysis

A

pyruvate

61
Q

how many oxygen molecules are required for glycolysis?

A

0

62
Q

glucose can be broken down without the use of oxygen through the _____ pathway

A

glycolysis

63
Q

are 4 NADH molecules produced during glycolysis

A

no, its 2

64
Q

glycolsis is the breaking down of ___

A

glucose

65
Q

the energy released during glycolysis is transfered to carrier molecules, ATP and

A

NADH

66
Q

True or False: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH+) is regenerated by glycolysis

A

false

67
Q

the two types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and ___

A

alcoholic, alchohol

68
Q

lactic acid fermentation occurs in ____

A

muscle cells

69
Q

which of the following are sources of energy during exercise in humans?

A

ATP molecules
lactic acid fermentation
aerobic respiration

70
Q

fermentation regenerates which molecule?

A

NAD+

71
Q

in the process of alcoholic fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted to ___

A

ethanol

72
Q

the end product when anaerobic respiration occurs in humans is __

A

lactic acid

73
Q

which stage of aerobic respiration also occurs during fermentation?

A

glycolysis

74
Q

what is a product of alcoholic fermentation

A

carbon dioxide

75
Q

the krebs cycle is the ___ stage of cellular resipration

A

second

76
Q

what are the end products of the krebs cycle?

A

4 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2

77
Q

aerobic respiration begins with the entry of ___, the product of glycolysis, into the mitochondria

A

pyruvate

78
Q

the krebs cycle begins when Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to create ___

A

citric acid

79
Q

citric acid is formed by the reaction of ___ and __

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A and Oxaloacetate

80
Q

citric acid contains ___ carbon atoms

A

6

81
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

in the matrix

82
Q

what molecule is passed between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA

83
Q

out of 38 ATP molecules pruduced per glucose, 34 ATP molecules are formed through ____

A

the electron transport chain

84
Q

the enzyme ATP synthase is located in the

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

85
Q

What does ATP synthase serve as in the electron transport stage?

A

enzyme and ion channel

86
Q

how many ATP molecules does anaerobic respiration make?

A

2 ATP

87
Q

how many ATP molecules does aerobic respiration make?

A

38 ATP

88
Q

what are the advantages of aerobic respiration

A

produces far more ATP
and more energy efficient

89
Q

what are the advantages of anaerobic respiration

A

reduces exposure to oxygen toxicity
and allows survival in habitats which lack oxygen

90
Q

glycolysis is an ___ process

A

anaerobic

91
Q

in what organelle does aerobic respiration occur?

A

mirochondria

92
Q

what are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

water and carbon dioxide

93
Q

what are the products of photosynthesis

A

oxygen and glucose

94
Q

in what kinds of organisms does cellular respiration occur?

A

plants and animals

95
Q

what are the two groups of reactions in photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent and light independent

96
Q

Where do the light dependent reactions occur?

A

thylakoids

97
Q

Where do light independent reactions take place?

A

stroma

98
Q

what are the reactants of cellular respiration

A

glucose and oxygen

99
Q

how do we get energy from ATP

A

breaking the high energy bond between the last 2 phosphates

100
Q

what are the products of aerobic respiration

A

water and carbon dioxide

101
Q

What materials do cells need for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose and oxygen

102
Q

What gas does photosynthesis release?

A

oxygen

103
Q

highest amount of available energy

A

ATP

104
Q

which is the main organelle that makes ATP?

A

mitochondria

105
Q

which molecule is considered an uncharged battery?

A

ADP

106
Q

true of false: photosynthesis and respiration have the same reactants

A

false

107
Q

where in the cell does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

108
Q

true or false: the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of respiration

A

true

109
Q

which step of aerobic respiration produces the majority of ATP

A

electron transport chain

biology (4 decks)

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