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Photosynthesis and CR > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + (energy?) > C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

Van Helmont

A

held an experiment where he planted a willow sapling in a weighted amount of soil and added nothing but add water. After five years, the tree gained 74kg in weight but the soil lost only 52g. He concluded the tree gained all its weight with water itself
- His experiment proved the plant’s food DID NOT come from the soil. he overlooked the fact that air was also available to the water

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3
Q

How do plants make their food

A

they combine CO2 from the air and H2O (+ dissolved salts?) from the soil

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4
Q

Carnivore vs Herbivore

A

carnivore: eats other animals
herbivore: eats plants

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5
Q

what is the first stage by which plants make food called

A

photosynthesis

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6
Q

how is O2 produced in photosynthesis

A

because O2 is broken down

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7
Q

Photosynthesis definitiom (3)

A
  • the process by which plants and some bacteria use chlorophyll, a green pigment, to trap sunlight energy
  • endergonic
  • anabolic
  • a carbon dioxide requiring process that uses light energy (photons) and water to produce organic macromolecules (glucose)
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8
Q

what is the sunlight energy used for after it is trapped by chlorophyll

A

it is used to synthesize (create) carbohydrates (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

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9
Q

what do plants make when they combine co2 and h2o

A

they make sugar (glucose (c6h12o6))

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10
Q

what is the byproduct of photosynthesis

A

oxygen, molecules of atp, and some heat

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11
Q

what does it take to combine co2 and h2o? where does it come from? What is it absorbed and used by? (+2)

A

energy
- this energy comes from sunlight
- this energy is absorbed and used by a substance called chlorophyll

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12
Q

chlorophyll. where is it present

A
  • a green coloured chemical
  • present in the leaves of green plants
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13
Q

where is chlorophyll located

A
  • the chlorophyll in the cells is packaged into tiny packaged called chloroplasts
  • on the thylakoid membrane
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14
Q

chloroplast– double membrane

A
  • evidence for endosymbiosis (independent origin)
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15
Q

chloroplast- lamella

A

connects and separates thylakoid stacks (grana)

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16
Q

chloroplast- stroma

A

has appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the calvin cycle (light INdependent rxn)

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17
Q

chloroplast- thylakoid

A

has ETC and ATP synthase for photophosphorylation

  • photophosphorylation is the process of utilizing light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP (+P) to ATP
  • is where light DEpendent rxn happens
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18
Q

chloroplast- granum (3)

A
  • stack of thylakoids
  • their function is to increase SA of the thylakoids so more light can be absorbed into the chlorophyll
  • ^flat membrane stacks increase SA:Vol ratio and small internal volumes quickly accumulate ions
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19
Q

what does the chloroplast use to do everything

A

photons

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20
Q

photon definition

A

: a tiny particle or bundle of electromagnetic radiation (sunlight)

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21
Q

where do all the reactions to combine h2o and co2 take place

A

chloroplast

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22
Q

In where, does h2o and co2 combine? what do they produce as a result

A
  • in the chloroplast
  • produced sugar (glucose)

(h2o, sunlight, and co2 go in)

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23
Q

leaf cell structure- highest to lowest

A
  1. cuticle
  2. epidermis (kinda thick layer)
  3. palisade cells (uppermost layers of the leaf)
  4. vessel (kinda middle of epidermis and spongy parenchyma but mostly spongy
  5. spongy parenchyma (airy thing, lower layer)
  6. lower epidermis
  7. stoma (hole made by guard cells)
  8. guard cells (opening of stoma)
  9. cuticle
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24
Q

function of palisade

A

photosynthesis
- is the top layer and tightly packed together for sunlight to come on it

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25
Q

function of vessel

A

carries water

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26
Q

function of stoma

A

gas exchange

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27
Q

reactants and products of light dependent rxn

A

reactants
- h2o
- sunlight
- (adp and nadp?)

products
- o2
- atp
- nadph

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28
Q

reactants and products of light independent rxn

A

reactants
- co2
- atp
- nadph

products
- glucose
- adp
- nadp+

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29
Q

what is an electron carrier

A

nadph

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30
Q

carbohydrates (4)
- what are some examples of carbohydrates
- what do carbohydrates contain
- what can living organisms do with carbohydrates

A
  • GLUCOSE is an example of a carbohydrate
  • other examples of are sucrose, starch, and cellulose (in cells)
  • carbohydrate molecules contain the element hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
  • living organisms can easily change one carbohydrate into another
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31
Q

what happens to the glucose made by the chloroplast (3)

A

it is either…
- used to provide energy for the chemical processes in the cell (by respiration)
- turned into SUCROSE and transported to other parts of the plant
- turned into STARCH and STORED in the cell as starch grains

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32
Q

what happens to the starch in the cell in the dark?

A

in darkness, the starch is changed back into glucose and transported out of the cell

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33
Q

different uses for glucose (5)

A
  • ENERGY (eg. seed germination)
  • other sugars (fruits)
  • protein (cytoplasm)
  • cellulose (cell walls)
  • starch (storage (eg. starch in potato))
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34
Q

how to plants make glucose

A

they combine combine co2 from air and h2o from soil (+ dissolved salts?)

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35
Q

what is the energy needed for photosynthesis

A

sunlight

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36
Q

what is the purpose for photosyntehsis

A

to convert sunlight energy and convert it to chemical energy for future use

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37
Q

what is sunlight absorbed by

A

by the chlorophyll contained in the chloroplast of the leaf

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38
Q

what must glucose be combines with to make other substances

A

must be combines with other chemical elements, such as nitrogen and potassium.
- these chemical elements are present as ions in the soil and are taken up in solution by the roots

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39
Q

___ from the sun is composed of all ___

A

white light from the sun is composed of all colors

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40
Q

what colored light does chlorophyll reflect? what does it absorb

A

reflects green light

absorbs blue and red ends of the spectrum
- absorbs yellow and blue wavelengths

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41
Q

what does chlorophyll a absorb

A

absorbs violet-blue and orange-red

(violet and orange)
(blue and red)

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42
Q

what does chlorophyll b absorb

A

blue and yellow

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43
Q

pigments are organized into what?

A

clusters called photosystems

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44
Q

what are the purpose of pigments

A

to absorb light energy

45
Q

what happens when light is captured (by pigments)

A

the electrons from chlorophyll move to a higher energy level

46
Q

how are the wavelength and energy of a photon related

A

as the wavelength gets longer, the energy in a photon decreases. as the wavelength gets shorter, the energy in a photon increases.

47
Q

between red and green light, which has a higher energy value?

A

green light possessed a higher energy value than red light because it has a shorter wavelength

48
Q

how is the color of light related to its energy

A

the color of light is DETERMINED by its wavelength. a higher wavelength has lower energy

  • red light is 750nm while violet is 380nm
49
Q

what pigments are present in green leaves

A

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins

50
Q

why are yellow colored pigments visible in autumn

A

the chlorophyll pigment masks the yellow colored pigments the rest of the year besides autumn. In the autumn, chlorophyll stops being produced, so the yellow, red, and brown colors are revealed and visible

they stop producing chlorophyll because temoeratures change

51
Q

what do all photosynthetic organisms have in common

A

they all contain the molecule chlorophyll to capture electromagnetic radiation.
- also all contain chlorophyll a?

52
Q

carotenoids color

A

red, orange, or yellow

53
Q

chlorophyll b color

A

blue-green. accessory pigment

54
Q

xanthophyll color

A

yellow. accessory pigment

55
Q

what is chlorophyll

A

the primary pigment in plants

56
Q

what does atp stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

57
Q

what is atp composed of? (+2 more)

A
  • atp is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and 3 phosphate groups
  • the last phosphate group (the one on the outside) is bonded with a higher energy chemical bond
  • this bond can be broken to release ENERGY for CELLS to use
58
Q

What happens when a phosphate group is removed from atp

A
  • releases energy for cells to use
  • forms adp
  • produces free phosphate group
59
Q

ATP form thing

A

P+P+P—- Ribose—- Adenine//Adenine

60
Q

Phosphorylation

A

a process where
- a free phosphate (inorganic phosphate?) can be re-attached to ADP, reforming ATP

  • (?) needs energy from sunlight or food
61
Q

NADP+
- what does it stand for
- what does it form and do

A
  • stands for Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate
  • NADP+ accepts one hydrogen ion (H+) and two electrons to form NADPH
  • Can then donate electrons to other molecules
62
Q

Anabolic

A
  • small molecules combined
  • a process where simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules
  • photosynthesis is anabolic because photosynthetic organisms use sunlight energy to convert carbon and water to form glucose and oxygen
63
Q

Endergonic

A
  • stores energy
  • basically saying it needs energy to proceed.
  • a reaction where energy is absorbed
  • photosynthesis is an endergonic process because it uses sunlight to do its stuff
64
Q

where does photosynthesis mainly occur in the leaf

A

in the palisade cell and stoma (pores)
- + chloroplast??

65
Q

what are plants and how do they relate to food

A

plants are autotrophs, meaning they produce their own food. The food being glucose

66
Q

draw a labelled diagram of:
- leaf cell structure
- chloroplast
- light in/dependent rxn
- palisade cell of a leaf

A

a

67
Q

stomata

A

pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapour and gases (CO2 and O2) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere

68
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle where photosynthesis takes place
- double membrane

69
Q

thylakoid- grana

A

grana make up the inner membrane

70
Q

how is the sun related to energy for all life on earth

A

sun is the ultimate energy for all life on earth

71
Q

where do plants store energy (+1)

A

in the chemical bonds of sugars
- chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration

72
Q

what two reactions make up photosynthesis

A

light rxn/light dependent rxn and calvin cycle/light dependent rxn

73
Q

light dependent rxn use

A

produces energy from photons in the form of ATP and NADPH

74
Q

calvin cycle/light independent rxn

A
  • also called carbon fixation or C3 fixation
  • uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light r xn to make sugar (glucose)
75
Q

Where does light rxn and light dependent rxn occur

A

light rxn
- thylakoid membrane

light dependent
- stroma

76
Q

steps to light rxn (9)

A
  1. light strikes PSII and it is absorbed. This excites the electrons in the chlorophyll, which is in each PS (photosystem)
  2. The chlorophyll loses its electrons, which flow INTO the PQ but THROUGH the electron transport chain (ETC). Lost energy from the electrons is used to pump H+ into the lumen (from stroma). These hydrogen ions are used to produce ATP using the ATP synthase
  3. In regard to PSII losing electrons, it needs to replenish the lost electrons. It does this by taking the electrons from water and oxidizes it into oxygen gas. One h2o molecule makes one oxygen atom (1/2 o2) and gives off 2 hydrogen ions (H+). So basically, water loses 2 electrons to PSII with one oxygen atom as a product
  4. Anyways, the electrons move through another protein called Cyt and this protein pumps H+ into the lumen from the stroma
  5. The electrons flowing through ETC are moved to another photosystem (PSI). By now, the elctrons have lost its energy so PSI is struck by other photon of light in PSI
  6. Electrons move through another ETC, into another protein (Fd) which carries the electrons to NADP+ reductase
  7. NADP+ reductase is an enzyme that REDUCES NADP+. The electrons leave and meet up with NADP+. the NADP+ accepts the electrons (2) along with a hydrogen ion and is reduced into NADPH. this reaction also reduces H+ concentration in the STROMA
  8. The H+ in the stroma move down its concentration gradient and flow through the ATP synthase (enzyme).
  9. As the H+ floats through the enzyme, the protein rotates in a way that it combines ADP and phosphate to make ATP. the H+ plays a role in this procedure because it is the energy source to produce ATP
  10. the NADPH and ATP go to the light independent rxn in the stroma
77
Q

PSII vs PSI

A

h2o is split in PSII and atp is made

the energy carrier NADPH is made is PSI

78
Q

chemiosmosis

A
  • the process of the diffusion of H+ protons through a selectively - permeable membrane
  • powers ATP synthase
  • takes place across the thylakoid membrane
  • uses ETC and ATP synthase complex (enzyme)
  • H+ move down their concentration gradient through channels of ATP synthase, forming ATP from ADP
79
Q

If the light keeps on striking PSII, ejecting high energy electrons, wont the chlorophyll eventually run out of electrons?

A

yes, except that the electrons are replaced by using some from h2o

80
Q

photolysis

A
  • photo=light
  • lysis=break
  • photolysis: the breaking of a water molecule using light energy
  • occurs in the lumen of the thylakoid
81
Q

what goes in and out of photolysis

A

in:
- light photons

out:
- 2 electrons
- 2 hydrogens
- one oxygen molecule (1/2 O2)

for the 1 molecule of oxygen, it waits for another oxygen to make O2 and then leaves the plant

82
Q

Calvin cycle steps

A

occurs in the stroma // C3 plants– 80% of all plants on earth
1. Enter RuBisCO and 3 molecules of CO2. Starting materials: CO2, RuBP (5 Carbons)
2. RuBisCO holds 1 carbon atom from CO2 molecule with RuBP to make C6. This is called carbon fixation because carbon is “fixed” by RuBP. fixed meaning to be incorporated into an organic molecule
3. C6 is so unstable that it quickly splits into 2 molecules of C3, which is called phosphoglycerates (PGA)
4. Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as energy: PGA USES ATP to remove the hydrogen from NADPH and affixes1 hydrogen to each of the PGA chains (the 2 C3’s). So essentially, NADPH loses 2 electrons
4.5. The way the cycle used ATP and NADPH turned them both into ADP and NADP+
5. The added hydrogen to PGA turns it into molecules called PGAL, AKA G3P (aka phosphoglyceraldehyde)
6. In 6 carbon cycles, 12 PGAL’s are formed. 2 are used to make glucose (because 1 molecule of PGAL has 3 carbons(C3)) while the 10 left are used to recycle into RuBP (needs 5 carbons). (10x 3 = 30. 6 calvin cycles = 5. matches perfectly)

83
Q

what goes in and out of the calvin cycle

A

in:
- 3 (18?) atp
- 2 nadph
- co2

out:
- glucose
- co2 must be readily available in the stroma so it can diffuse directly into the leaves from the stroma

84
Q

how many turns of the calvin cycle does it need to make one glucose

A

it takes 6 turns.
- 18 atp and 12 nadph are used
- 12 PGALs are produced

85
Q

after PGAL is produced from calvin cycle, where does it go?

A

after 6 turns of calvin cycle (needed to make 1 glucose), 12 PGAL is produced.
- 2 PGALs are used to make glucose (6 carbon because PGAL has 3 carbon each and glucose needs 6 carbon)
- 10 are to go recycle RuBP (5 carbon needed for RuBP, each PGAL has 3 carbon, so 10x3=30. 30/6 (6 calvin cycles). so its enough for it do do it again.
- ^ the 30 leftover carbon is a by-product

Pgal can be used as an energy source in cell respiration

it can also be modified to produce fat or protein

86
Q

what is the enzym that converrs h20 into o2 gas

A

PSII

87
Q

splitting of water, creating waste oxygen

A

photolysis

88
Q

what is the energy currency of cells

A

atp cus they b spending it

89
Q

organisms use photosynthesis to make food

A

autotrophs

90
Q

first stage of photosynthesis

A

light dependent rxn

91
Q

how is atp generated

A

adp + free phosphate grp.
this process requires energy, while the splitting of atp, making adp, release energy

92
Q

conversion of light energy to chemicala bond energy of organic materials

A

photosynthesis

93
Q

hydrogen acceptor

A

nadp+

94
Q

rubp acts as a…

A

carbon acceptor
- carbon + rubp = c6

95
Q

process by which energy is released to support cellular activities

A

cr

96
Q

rxns during photosynthesis in which carbon is fixed

A
  • light independent rxn

or rubp

97
Q

rxns not inovlving co2 but involves water, light, and chlorophyll

A

light dependent rxn

98
Q

COMBINES w co2

A

rubp

99
Q

molecules combined to form glucose

A

PGAL

100
Q

which color of light is LEAST effective in photosynthesis

A

green cus green plants reflect green light

101
Q

the red, orange, and yellow color in leaves are caused by light reflected from

A

carotenoids cus they are yellow, red, and orange

102
Q

what is the source of protons for the proton gradient within a chloroplast

A

h2o cus it has hydrogen and it is oxidized by PSII in light rxn

103
Q

how many carbon atoms are there in a molecule of RuBP

A

5

104
Q

plants STORE glucose as…

A

starch

105
Q

what is synthesized in the light independent rxn of photosynthesis

A

carbohydrated

106
Q

when a photon of _____ is absorbed vy a pigment, one of the pigment’s electrons is elevated to a state in which it has more _____

A

when a photon of LIGHT is absorbed vy a pigment, one of the pigment’s electrons is elevated to a state in which it has more ENERGY

107
Q

in light dependent rxns, ____ enegry is absorbed and briefly stored in the molecules ____ and _____

A

light

atp
nadph

108
Q

in light dependent rxn, energy stored in ____ and ____ is used to build ____

A

atp
nadph

carbohydrates/pgal/g3p

Photosynthesis and CR (2 decks)

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