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Photosynthesis and CR > Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Cellular respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what do animals and plants use products of photosynthesis for

A

metabolic fuel. product of photosynthesis is glucose

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2
Q

when we take in glucose, proteins, fats, and other carbs, how do they come into our body

A

they do not come to us the way out cells can use them

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3
Q

where does breakdown of glucose begin

A

in the cytoplasm– the liquid matric of the cell

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4
Q

aftfer breakdown of glucose, life diverges into what two forms and pathways

A
  1. anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
  2. aerobic respiration
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5
Q

a series of ____ breaks down ______ to release ____

A
  1. chemical reactions
  2. glucose
  3. energy
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6
Q

after glucose is broken down to release energy, where is the energy stored

A

in ATP

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7
Q

cr takes place in what kind of cells

A

all eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

cr formula

A

c6h12o6 + o2 = co2 + h2o + ATP

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9
Q

how is cr similar to combustion reaction

A

same format

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10
Q

how is cr differnt from combustion reaction (3)

A
  1. is a slower reaction
  2. energy is released in steps (otherwise spontaneous combustion would be the result)
  3. energy released is stored in atp
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11
Q

cristae vs inner membrane

A

cristae is the inner foldings the inner membrane makes

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12
Q

intermembrane space

A

space between inner membrane and outer membrane

small space to quickly accumulate protons

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13
Q

inner membrane

A

membrane of the matrix

contains etc and atp synthase for oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

cristae (2)

A

inner foldings made by inner membrane

highly folded as to increase sa:vol ratio as to increase atp production
- where atp is made

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15
Q

outer membrane

A

outer membrane of the entire mitochondria

contains transport proteins for shuttling (taking in) pyruvate into mitochondria

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16
Q

matrix (2)

A

space within the inner membrane

  • has appropriate enzymes and suitable pH for krebs cycle
  • where 3 carbon pieces (that came from carbohydrates (glucose)) are broken down into co2 and h2o (etc and krebs)
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17
Q

most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into what

A

atp

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18
Q

how does the atp substance help cell activities

A

powers most cell activities

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19
Q

which phosphate group has a high cemical bond in ATP

A

the last one

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20
Q

uses of atp *(5)

A
  1. basically everything
  2. for active transport to move substances across cell membrane
  3. phagocytosis
  4. muscle contractions
  5. heat production
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21
Q

transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use:

A

atp

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22
Q

what four stages does cr take place in and where do they take place

A
  1. glycolysis - cytoplasm
  2. pyruvate oxidization - in cytoplasm/mitochondria
  3. kreb’s cycle- matrix
  4. etc and chemiosmosis - inner membrane
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23
Q

what purpose does krebs serve for etx

A

makes molecules needed for etc

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24
Q

what are the electron carriers of cr

A

nadh and fadh2

nadh only for glucolysis to etc, both for krebs to etc

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25
Q

which two stages of cr release co2

A

krebs and pyruvate oxidization

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26
Q

does glycolysis perform only for aerobic resp or anaerobic resp

A

both

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27
Q

stages of glycolysis (5)

A
  1. glucose enters from outside the cell completely
  2. 2 adp + 2p turn into 2 atp
  3. series of reactions which break 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid)
  4. yields 2 atp for every pyuvic acid (4 atp total) (2adp + 2p = 2atp)
  5. yields 2 nadh per GLUCOSE molecule (1 nadh per pyruvic acid) (nad+ + 2 electrons = 2 nadh (+ H+???)
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28
Q

glycolysis (2)

A
  • occurs in cytoplasm
  • process is an all-organism process. from bacteria to humans, they all perform the SAME way
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29
Q

what happens to the products of glycolysis (3)

A
  1. pyruvate enters the next stage (pyruvate oxidization)
  2. nadh is used in chemiosmosis and etc (carries electrons)
  3. atp is used by cells
30
Q

pyruvate oxidizaion (3)

A
  1. requires o2
  2. takes place in mitochondria
  3. modifies pyruvate before krebs cycle
31
Q

pyruvate oxidization steps

A
  1. carbon molecule is removed from pyruvate (3carbon molecule turned into 2 carbon). carbon molecule exits as co2
  2. when carbon is removed, pyruvate becomes acetyl
  3. nad+ is reduced to nadh (+H+)
  4. acetyl joins to a carrier called coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
32
Q

krebs cycle

A
  • in matrix
  • completes the breakdown of glucose
33
Q

krebs cycle steps (6 (+3 small)

A
  1. 2 carbons enter as acetyl coa
  2. coa part removed
  3. carbon leaved as co2
  4. 3 molecules of nad are REDUCED to form NADH (+ 3H+)
  5. one fad is reduced to form fadh2
    - hydrogens and electrons are stripped from acetyl coa and are loaded onto nad and fad to form nadh and fadh2
  6. one adp + p is formed into atp
    - for each glucose (2 pyruvates), one atp is formed, so 2 atp is formed per pyruvate.
    - loads up coenzymes (nadh and fadh2) with H+ and electrons to move onto etc and chemiosmosis`
34
Q

how many pyruvates is used per turn of krebs cycle

A

1 (1 atp produced)

35
Q

what product of the krebs cycle provides energy for cell processes

A

atp (1)

36
Q

what product of the krebs cycle provides REDUCING energy for cell processes

A

(3) nadh and (1) fadh2

37
Q

what does the inner membrane contain that carries electrons

A

proteins

38
Q

ETC STEPS (6 (+0.5 x2?)

A
  1. enter nadh and fadh2
  2. takes 2 electrons from the both of them that were produced in glycolysis and krebs cycle
  3. nad+ and fad are recycled and can be used in krebs and glycolysis
  4. as the electrons move from protein to protein, a small amount of energy is released. this energy is used to move H+ (protons) into the intermembrane space. energy released called
  5. oxygen is the final electron acceptor, in which is it reduced to form water (2H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2 e-)
  6. chemiosmosis occurs, in which protons flow through the atp synthase from the intermembrane space TO the matrix.
    - as hydrogen flow down their concentration gradient this way, space energy is released
    - this energy is used to make atp
39
Q

total atp produced + atp produced from every step

A

glycolysis - 2
krebs - 2
etc and chemi. - 32/34

total: 36

40
Q

what happens to etc if there is no o2

A

lack of o2 causes system to back up all the way to glycolysis because the nadh and fadh2 cannot be recycled and continue the cr process.

hence why if there is no o2, no atp = cells die = you die

41
Q

chemiosmosis

A

H+ flows through the atp synthase from the intermembrane space to the matrix, creating atp in the process.
- makes the most atp for cr

42
Q

chemiosmosis requires (2)

A
  1. a concentration gradient of H+ ions
  2. an atp synthase channel, which is found in the inner membrane
43
Q

what is the atp synthase ONLY PLACE permeable to

A

H+ protons

44
Q

where is the proton concentration hgihest

A

intermembrane space

45
Q

where does electron transport cause H+ to build up (+1)

A

in the intermembrane space
- H+ protons are NOT allowed to diffuse back into the matrix

46
Q

nadh carries electrons gained from food (glucose) to the ____

A

etc

47
Q

what is the byproduct of the etc

A

h2o (when o2 accepts electrons)

48
Q

per GLUCOSE (2 pyruvates), how much nadh and fadh2 is produced from each step

A

glycolysis- 2 n
pyruvate oxidization- 2 n
krebs- 6 n and 2 fadh2

49
Q

anaerobic organisms are important for what

A

they can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

50
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic resp (5)

A

aerobic
1. requires o2
2. complete oxidization of respiratory materials
3. produces max 38 atp molecules per glucose
4. steps consist of glycolysis, krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
5. water is formed

anaerobic
1. doesn’t require energy or o2
2. incomplete oxidization of respiratory materials
3. produce only 2 atp per glucose
4. consists of glycolysis and incomplete breakdown of pyuvate
5. h2o is normally not formed

51
Q

can some organisms thrive environments with little to no o2? give examples

A

yes
ex: marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds

52
Q

what is an organism called if it does not use o2

A

‘an’ anaerobic

53
Q

what do the final steps of anaerobic resp serve and result in?

A

results in no more atp, only the 2 made.

final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis and restart the process of glycolysis

54
Q

what are the end products of anaerobic resp

A

ethanol and co2 (single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread)
- only occurs in plant cells

lactic acid (muscles)
- only in animal cells

55
Q

fermentation

A

when o2 is not present, fermentation is after glycolysis, regenerating nad+ from nadh needed for glycolysis to continue

56
Q

draw out:
- entire cr steps (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidization, krebs cycle, etc and chemiosmosis/oxidative phosphorylation
- mitochondria labelled diagram ++ functions
- entire cr if anaerobic (glycolysis, fermentation)

A

do it

57
Q

what is etc and chemiosmosis also referred to as

A

oxidative phosphorylation

58
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to lactate

59
Q

in the absence of o2, what does the nadh do with its h+

A

nadh generated from glycolysis passes its h+ atoms to either acetaldehyde (there is 2, as acetaldehyde is formed from acetyl/pyruvatae) to produce latic acid

(lactic acid fermentation)

60
Q

what is nad+ done with in absence of o2

A

nad+ from nadh is recycled to continue the process of glycolysis

61
Q

what do muscles do with pyruvate if there is absence of o2

A

converts it to lactic acid

when o2 is reintroduced, lactate can be converted back into pyruvate

62
Q

products of fermentation (6)

A
  • wine
  • soy sauce
  • beer
  • bread
  • carbonated beverages
  • cheese
63
Q

LACTIC acid causes… (4)

what are they signs of

A
  • muscle soreness
  • fatigue
  • muscle cramps
  • stiffness

all signs of oxygen debt in muscles

64
Q

anaerobic resp in animal cells. why is it important (4)

A
  • produces lactic acid
  • when cells arent recieving enough o2, muscles become cramped due to a buildup of lactate
  • when o2 becomes available, lactate is converted back to pyruvate, which is then continued onto the krebs cycle
  • important because it provides short burst of energy when o2 is not available. however, it can only produce a small amount of atp compared w aerobic resp (2atp)
65
Q

ethanol fermentation (3)

A
  • only in plant/yeast cells
  • pyruvate is converted into ethanol using one nadh molecule, which is then recycles back into glycolysis
  • used for fuel (ethanol from corn or wheat fermentation)
66
Q

how is pyruvate converted into ethanol

A

using one nadh molecule. nad+ is recycled to glycolysis

67
Q

anaerobic resp in yeast cells (3)

A
  • anaerobic resp produces ethanol, which is called fermentation
  • pyruvate is converted to ethanol using one nadh molecule, which is recycled back into glycolysis
  • fermentation has commercial uses: breweries, bread making, wine making
68
Q

during fermentation, nad+ is what? why?

A

nad+ is RESTORED. this gives cells the opportunity to continue with cr if o2 becomes available

69
Q

what is so different about the process of alcohol fermentation from lactic acid fermentation

A

alcohol:
glucose > 2 pyruvate > 2 acetaldehyde > 2 ethanol

lactate:
glucose > 2 pyruvate > 2 lactate

70
Q

what are plants, animals, and yeast’s use of fermentation

A

plants- ethanol is produced from ALCOHOL fermentation of the glucose from corn or other plants

animals- form of fermentation takes place in bacteria and in the muscle cells of animals

yeast- production of ethanol and co2

71
Q

cr and photosynthesis comparison

A

photosynthesis
- takes place in chloroplast of cells, this process is what gives energy to all organisms either indirectly or directly

cr
- in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cells, this process is by which living things convert o2 and glucose to h2o and co2, therefore yielding energy

72
Q

energy sources and energy result: photosynthesis vs cr

A

source
photo: light
cr: chemical bonds

result
photo: energy stored
cr: energy released

Photosynthesis and CR (2 decks)

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