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Biology Paper 1 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

An endothermic process used by plants to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using energy in sunlight.

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2
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

water + carbon dioxide → glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

Symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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4
Q

What are chloroplast

A

An organelle that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

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5
Q

What are chlorophyll

A

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis.

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6
Q

Endothermic

A

(absorbs heat)

A chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy

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7
Q

Adaptations of leaves for photosynthesis

A

Broad, thin, veins, cells packed with chloroplasts, waxy cuticle, stomata.

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8
Q

What are stomata?

A

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.

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9
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata.

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10
Q

What are palisade mesophyll

A

Layer of cells packed with chloroplasts, where most photosynthesis occurs.

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11
Q

What are spongy mesophyll?

A

Layer of irregularly shaped cells with air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells.

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12
Q

What are waxy cuticle?

A

A waterproof barrier that protects the leaf and prevents water loss.

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13
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The transfer of gases between an organism and its environment

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14
Q

What is vascular bundle

A

Clusters of xylem and phloem tissue in stems.

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15
Q

What is Xylem

A

Tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals in vascular plants.

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16
Q

What are phloem?

A

Tissue that transports sugars in vascular plants.

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17
Q

Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Carbon dioxide
Chlorophyll

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18
Q

What is meant by ‘Limiting Factor’

A

A factor in short supply that prevents the rate of reaction from increasing.

19
Q

Why carbon dioxide can be a limiting factor

A

Carbon dioxide is a raw material for photosynthesis.

20
Q

Why light intensity can be a limiting factor

A

Light provides the energy that is needed for photosynthesis.

21
Q

Why temperature is a limiting factor

A

If the temperature is too low the enzymes work slowly. If the temperature is too high the enzymes are denatured and do not work.

22
Q

Why chlorophyll is a limiting factor

A

Chlorophyll is needed to absorb the light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

23
Q

Importance of limiting factors

A

Farmers and commercial growers can artificially create the ideal environment to grow plants.

24
Q

Five uses of glucose

A 
For respiration
Making cellulose
Making amino acids
Stored as oils or fats
Stored as starch
25
Q

What is Cellulose

A

A polymer made of glucose used to build plant cell walls

26
Q

What is starch?

A

An insoluble polymer made of glucose that is used for storage.

27
Q

What is respiration?

A

The chemical process that takes place in cells and releases energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen.

28
Q

What are Amino Acids

A

The building blocks of proteins. Formed by combining glucose with nitrate ions.

29
Q

What are fats and oils

A

Storage compounds found in seeds.

30
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

A difference in concentration between two areas next to each other

31
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

32
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A

Happens due to the random motion of particles. No energy is required.

33
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

34
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. This requires energy.

35
Q

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that allows only certain molecules to pass through.

36
Q

Adaptation of root hair cells

A

A large surface area for absorption.

37
Q

What is Rose black spot

A

A parasitic fungus that causes black spot on roses.

38
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

A virus that affects plants. It causes stunted growth and causes leaves to discolour, curl and have yellow streaks or spots.

39
Q

What is chlorosis?

A

Yellow leaves caused by a lack of magnesium which is needed to produce chlorophyll.

40
Q

What are physical defences on plants

A

Layers of dead cells around stems
Tough waxy leaf cuticles
Cellulose cell walls

41
Q

How is rose black spot treated?

A

Removing infected dropped leaves and burning them.
Pruning shoots in the spring.
Treating infections with fungicides.

42
Q

How is rose black spot transmitted?

A

The fungus produces spores which are released in wet, humid conditions.

43
Q

How does black spot fungus affect the growth of roses?

A

Damaged leaves cannot photosynthesise efficiently.

44
Q

How can plant diseases be identified?

A 
Stunted growth.
Spots on leaves.
Areas of decay.
Discolouration.
Presence of pests.

Biology Paper 1 (7 decks)

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