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Biology Paper 1 > Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems > Flashcards

Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the digestive system (in mammals)

A

An organ system where several organs work together to digest and absorb food

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2
Q

What are the different parts of the digestive system

A 
Mouth
Gullet
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
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3
Q

Define Digestion

A

The process of breaking down large insoluble food molecules into small soluble molecules

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the mouth in the digestive system

A

To begin breaking down food

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

To break down food and sterilise it

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6
Q

What is the point of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

To absorb soluble food molecules

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7
Q

What is the point of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

To absorb water

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8
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts used inside the body to speed up a metabolic reaction

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9
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme acid

A

Causes an increase in rate of reaction until after its optimum temperature after which the rate of reaction will decrease as enzymes will be denatured

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10
Q

How does pH affect enzyme acid

A

Causes an increase in rate of reaction until after its optimum pH after which rate of reaction will decrease as enzymes will be denatured

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11
Q

How do enzymes aid in digestions?

A

They catalyse specific reactions dues to the shape of their active site being complimentary to the shape of the food molecules

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12
Q

Describe the required practical investigating the effects of pH on rates of reaction the amylase enzyme

A

> Put a test tube of amylase and a test tube of starch solution in a water bath till they are the same temperature
Add amylase to the starch
Every 30s remove a drop and put it on a spotting tile containing iodine solution
Record how long it takes for the starch to be digested
Repeat this at different pH values using different buffer solutions

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13
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

A model to help explain enzymes, when the molecule(key) goes into the enzyme(lock) the reaction is speed up. Only one type of “Key” can get in a “lock”

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14
Q

Where are proteases made?

A
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
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15
Q

Where is amylase made?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Small Intestine
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16
Q

Where are lipases made?

A
  • Pancreas

- Small Intestine

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17
Q

What do carbohydrase’s do

A

Break down carbohydrates into simple sugars

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18
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Break down starch into glucose

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19
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Break down proteins into amino acids

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20
Q

What do lipases do?

A

Break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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21
Q

What is bile and what does it do

A

It is a alkaline that neutralises the acid from the stomach and emulsifies fat to increase area for enzyme action. Alkaline is also more optimal for lipases to act on

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22
Q

Where is bile made and where is it stored?

A

Made: Liver
Stored: Gall Bladder

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23
Q

What is the test for starch

A

Iodine: Yellow-Red -> Blue-Black

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24
Q

What is the test for sugars

A

Benedict’s Solution: Blue -> Brick Red

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25
Q

What is the test for proteins

A

Biuret Reagent: Blue -> Purple

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25
Q

What is the test for proteins

A

Biuret Reagent: Blue -> Purple

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26
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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27
Q

What are blood vessels leading in and out of the heart?

A 
(right to left)
Vena Cava
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Pulmonary Vein
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28
Q

What is the path of blood through the right side of the heart

A

Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery

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29
Q

What is the path of blood through the left side of the heart

A

Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta

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30
Q

What are the different components of the lungs

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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31
Q

What is the test for lipids

A

Ethanol: Clear - Cloudy

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32
Q

What happens in the process of inhalation

A
  • Intercostal muscles contract
  • Ribs move up and out
  • Diaphragm flattens
  • Volume of chest increases
  • Pressure in chest decreases
  • Air is drawn into lungs
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33
Q

What happens in the process of exhalation

A
  • Intercostal muscles relax
  • Ribs move down and in
  • Diaphragm Bends
  • Volume of chest decreases
  • Pressure in chest increases
  • Air is pushed out of the lungs
34
Q

How are the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange

A

Have a very large SA: Vol
Have a rich blood supply
Very thin for short diffusion
Moist for easy diffusion

35
Q

State the process of the alveoli

A

Air in
Oxygen diffuses into the blood stream
Carbon dioxide diffuses out the blood stream
Air out

36
Q

Why are there valves in the heart

A

To prevent the back flow of blood through the heart

37
Q

What is the natural pacemaker and where is it located

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that control the resting heart rate of the heart

38
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker

A

An electrical device implanted in the heart used in lieu of the natural pacemaker that controls the heart rate

39
Q

What is an artery

A

A blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart to other cells

40
Q

What is a vein

A

A blood vessel that transports blood back to the heart from other cells

41
Q

What is a capillary

A

A blood vessel that enables the diffusion of substances in and out of it and cells

42
Q

What are the adaptations of arteries

A

Thick walls - High pressure
Thick layer of muscles and elastic tissue - pumping blood
Small lumen

43
Q

What are the adaptations of arteries

A

Thick walls - High pressure
Thick layer of muscles and elastic tissue - pumping blood
Small lumen

44
Q

What are the adaptations of veins

A

Relatively thin walls - low pressure
Large Lumen
Often have valves - prevent backflow

45
Q

What are the adaptations of capillaries

A

Tiny Vessel with narrow lumen

Wall a single cell thick for diffusion

46
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

One in which there are two different loops for blood circulation. One is oxygenated and the other is deoxygenated.

47
Q

What are the different components of blood and their percentages

A

Plasma - ~ 55%
Red blood cells - ~45%
White blood cells ->1%
Platelets - >1%

48
Q

What is blood plasma’s function

A

As a transport medium for various things

49
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells

A

To transport oxygen from the lungs to other cells

50
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells

A

To defend against dangerous microorganisms by producing antibodies and antitoxins(lymphocytes) or by engulfing microorganisms(phagocytes)

51
Q

What is the purpose of platelets

A

Help in blood clotting - trigger enzyme controlled reactions that turn fibrinogen into fibrin that produces a network of protein fibres

52
Q

What are the features of a red blood cell

A

No nucleus - more space for haemoglobin
Biconcave disks - high SA : Vol
Packed with red pigment haemoglobin which binds to oxygen

53
Q

What is cardiovascular disease

A

Diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels

54
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

A disease in which the coronary arteries are blocked up/ narrowed by fatty deposits, preventing enough blood getting to the muscles of the heart

55
Q

What are stents

A

Cage used to widen the coronary arteries
Stent and balloon fed into artery
Balloon inflated
Stent left behind, keeping artery open

56
Q

What are statins

A

Drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels and slows down the rate at which fatty material is deposited

57
Q

Why are leaky heart valves dangerous

A

Make the heart less efficient
Affected people may become breathless
Without treatment patient will die

58
Q

What can doctors use to replace a leaky valve

A

A mechanical valve - lasts whole life, needs medication

A biological valve - from pig or cow - lasts 12 - 15 years, doesn’t need medication

59
Q

When is a heart transplant necessary

A

When a patients heart fails

60
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a mechanical heart

A

Can keep a patient alive while waiting for a heart transplant
Patients often bed ridden

61
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a heart transplant

A

Very effective

Have to wait a long time for a donor

62
Q

Define Health

A

A state of physical and mental well being

63
Q

What causes ill health

A

Disease
Diet
Stress
Other life situations

64
Q

List some ways in which diseases interact with each other

A

Defects in immune system may cause higher susceptibility to infectious diseases
Viruses living in cells can trigger changes leading to cancer
Immune reactions caused by pathogens can trigger allergies
Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illnesses

65
Q

What is the impact of non - communicable diseases

A

Individual - Pain, financial, mental pain
Family - mental pain, financial
Society - cost nations huge sums of money

66
Q

Define correlation

A

A link that suggests a cause but does not prove it

67
Q

Define causal mechanism

A

A proven cause of something else

68
Q

What risk factor increase someone’s chance of disease

A

Lifestyle: smoking, lack of exercise, overeating
Environmental: Ionising radiation, UV light, Second hand smoke

69
Q

What is cancer

A

The uncontrollably growth and division of cells

70
Q

What causes cancer

A

The mutation of cells due to the disruption of the DNA in Cells

71
Q

Define tumour

A

An uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells

72
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

A tumour that does not attempt to spread to other parts of the body

73
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

A tumour that spreads to other parts of the body through the blood stream

74
Q

What are some causes of cancer

A

Genetic history
Carcinogens such as asbestos
Ionising radiation e.g. UV light
Viral infections

75
Q

How does smoking affect cardiovascular disease

A

Narrows the blood vessels

Nicotine increases heart rate

76
Q

How does smoking affect the lungs

A

Stops cilia working, allows dirt to accumulate
CO is poisonous
Can develop bronchitis, cancer, COPD

77
Q

How does smoking affect unborn babies

A

Can lead to:
premature births
low birth weight babies
stillbirths

78
Q

How does obesity affect the risk of type 2 diabetes

A

Increases chance of type 2 diabetes

79
Q

How does obesity, exercise and diet affect the risk of cardio vascular diseases

A

Less exercise, worse diet, obesity increases chance

80
Q

How does alcohol affect liver and brain functions

A

May develop liver cirrhosis
Alcohol is a carcinogen
Long term alcohol causes brain damage
Alcohol causes lowered inhibition and lowered reaction times

81
Q

How does alcohol affect unborn babies

A 
May cause:
Miscarriage
Stillbirths
Premature births
Low birth weight
Fetal alcohol syndrome
82
Q

What risk factors are there to do with ultraviolet light

A

Increases risk of skin cancer

Biology Paper 1 (7 decks)

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