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5104 - Principles of Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

It is where plant cells harvest chemical energy

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2
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of motion

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3
Q

What are the five examples of kinetic energy?

A

Motion, thermal, electrical, radiant, and sound.

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4
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy within matter due to its location/structure. “Stored energy”.

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5
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A

kinetic and potential.

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6
Q

What are the four types of potential energy?

A

chemical, mechanical, nuclear, gravitational.

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7
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The Principle of Conservation energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.

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8
Q

An example of the principle of concervation energy using plants and click beetle larvae:

A

Light energy from the sun is transformed by plants into chemical energy within organic molecules. Consumed by termites, the light energy is transformed into chemical energy within their organic molecules. The termite will be consumed by click beetle larvae, it is transformed into light energy which is produced by bioluminescence.

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9
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

That every energy transfer or transformation increases the sntropy of the universe.

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10
Q

What is the definition of entropy?

A

Scientific concept that is a measurable physical property commonly associated with the state of disorder, randomness, uncertainty.

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11
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to cause change (to do work).

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12
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical reactions involved in changing energy.

Think of the chemical reactions in the body as one large road map that connects and intercepts with one another.

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13
Q

Two general pathway types that change a specific molecule to a certain product via chemical reactions?

A

Catabolic pathway and anabolic pathway.

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14
Q

What are the differences between the catabolic and anabolic pathway?

A

The catabolic pathway breaks down complex or simpler molecules.
It realeased energy (exogernic).
The energy released can be stored.
(cellular respiration that breaks down glucose and results in carbon dioxide and water)
The anabolic pathway builds complex molecules from simpler molecules.
Consumes energy (endogernic)
eg biosynthetic pathway which is the synthesis of protein from amino acids.

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15
Q

What are the inputs in photosynthesis? (3)

A

Water, energy in the form of photons (the smallest particle of sunlight), and carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

What is the one product and the one biproduct of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose molecule is the product made for the plants to use, oxygen molecule is released from the plant or mammas to breathe.

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17
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

Photosynthetic organisms ie plants, algae. Organisms that carry out photosynthesis.

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18
Q

What two compounds are needed for energy storage and use?

A

ATP and Glucose

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19
Q

What is ATP? Molecular structure, molecule used to break formation, why is it broken?

A

ATP is the fuel for all cells. Structure one adenosine and three negatively charged triphosphates. One phosphate is easily broken off by water because the charge is negative

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20
Q

Explain how the breakdown of ATP and release of energy aides in binding molecules.

A

After the bond is broken the free phosphate binds to another molecule to be used to cellular work. The phosphate then aids in binding that molecule with another before being set free again.

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21
Q

What is it called when a phosphate binds to a molecule?

A

Phosphorylation.

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22
Q

What is it called when water breaks down ATP?

A

The ATP was hydrolised.

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23
Q

What process is it when a molecule is bound to another molecule through phosphorylation?

A

Chemical work.

24
Q

How does the free phosphate aid transport proteins?

A

The phosphate phosphorylates with the transport protein. The protein changes shape allowing solutes inside. The protein then moves to face outside of the cell to release the solute and allow another molecule inside. The phosphate is released and the transport protein faces inside the cell again, releasing the solute it picked up outside the cell.

25
Q

How does phosphorylation aid mechanical work?

A

Muscles (motor protein) move whenever ATP is hydrolised on it’s surface.

26
Q

What does ATP hydrolosis and synthase require?

A

Energy.

27
Q

In what cell are chloroplasts gathered?

A

The mesophyll cell.

28
Q

Tiny pores through which CO2 enters and O2 exits?

A

Stomata (stoma singular).

29
Q

Number of chloroplasts each mesophyll can hold?

A

30-40 chloroplasts.

30
Q

The fluid that fills chloroplasts?

A

Stroma.

31
Q

What does the vein in the leaf carry?

A

Water and sugar.

32
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Natural compound that gives plants their green colour.

33
Q

Names of the membraneous sacs that contain chlorophyll molecules?

A

Thylakoids.

34
Q

Name of the space within thylakoids?

A

Thylakoid space.

35
Q

Name of stack of thylakoids?

A

Granum.

36
Q

Where does photosynthsis occur?

A

In the chloroplast of mesophyll.

37
Q

What are the two parts of photosynthesis?

A

Light reaction and calvin cycle.

38
Q

Where does light reaction occur?

A

In the thylakoid.

39
Q

Where does the calvin cycle occur?

A

In the stroma of the Mesophyll.

40
Q

What are the three inputs of photosynthesis?

A

Energy in the form of light (photons), water, carbon dioxide.

41
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and oxygen

42
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

43
Q

What does the light reaction do?

A

Uses electrons and energy from light and water to convert NADP+ - NADPH+ and ADP+P to ATP.

44
Q

What does the calvin cycle do?

A

Uses energy and electrons to NADPH + ATP to convert CO2 and RuBP sugar to G3P sugar.

45
Q

What is G3P?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. A 3 carbon sugar molecule produced in the calvin cycle that is then used to synthesize other carbohydrates.

46
Q

Explain what happens to the electrons in the light reaction

A

Chlorophyll absords photon, photon excites electrons of chlorophyll, electrons jump further away from nucleus of chlorophyll in an excited state. The electron releases energy in the form of heat or light as it drops back to ground state.

47
Q

Explain photosystem 2, transport chain, then phosystem 1.

A

1) The chlorophyll molecules in photosystem 2 absorb photons which excite the electrons within the molecules. As the electrons return to ground state, the energy transfers from molecule to molecule in a wave down the protein then transfer to chlorophyll a molecules at the bottom of the reaction center complex. The electrons in the chlorophyll a molecules reach excited state and jump to the primary electron acceptor located at the top of the reaction center complex.
2) The electron within the reaction center complex then loses energy. as it does so it travels out of photosystem 2 down the transfer chain and into the chlorophyll a molecules of photosystem 1.
3) In photosystem 1, light is absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules, travels down the protein in a wave and excites the electrons in the chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center complex of photosystem 1. The electron jumps up into the primary electron acceptor. As it loses energy the electron is transferred to a shorter transfer chain which allows it to be picked up by and NADP+ molecule.

48
Q

What happens when the NADP+ picks up the electron?

A

The NADP+ stores the electron until it picks up a second electron and a hydrogen ion (H+). These combine and creat NADPH which is then used in the Calvin Cycle.

49
Q

How is water involved in the light reaction cycle? What happens to the products?

A

An enzyme breaks down the water atom into 2x electrons, 2x Hydrogen ions and an oxygen atom. The oxygen atom binds with another to create oxygen which is released from the plant. The electrons move on to be excited and transferred from Photosystem 2 to photosystem 1, and then turn NADP+ to NADPH. The hydrogen atoms are used to turn ADP+P to ATP.

50
Q

How does the hydrogen ion aid in synthesising ATP in light reaction?

A

As the energy from the electrons is released along the transport chain, hydrogen ions are pulled through the transfer protein from the stroma (an area of low concentration) into the thylakoid space) and area of high concentration. The hydrogen then needs to get back to the area of low concentration, it does so through the ATP synthase in a process called “chemiosis” (similar to osmosis).
The hydrogen moves the rotary motor at the top of the ATP synthase, creating energy to phosphorylase ADP+P to ATP.

51
Q

What are the four stages of the Calvin cycle?

A

1) Carbon fixation, 2) Reduction 3) Realease of one G3P molecule 4) Regeneration of RuBP.

52
Q

What happens in the carbon fixation stage of the calvin cycle?

A

The enzyme rubisco binds CO2 with RuBP (5 carbon sugar). The product breaks, resulting in x2 3 carbon molecules.

53
Q

What happens during the reduction stage of the calvin cycle?

A

Chemical reductions use energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH to create G3P

54
Q

What is G3P’s name?

A

Glyceraldehyde three phosphate.

55
Q

What happens in the G3P release stage?

A

3x CO2 creates 6x G3P. 1xG3P is released as glucose and 5 G3Ps remain for the remainder of the cycle.

56
Q

What happens in the regeneration of RuBP phase?

A

3 ATP break down to produce ADP+P. The molecules are rearranged and the free P connects with 5 carbons and another P to recreate RuBP which is recycled into the carbon cycle.

5104 - Principles of Biology (2 decks)

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