Cells Flashcards
What is a prokaryotic cell? Give two examples of organisms that are structured as such.
A prokaryotic cell is a small simple cell that lacks membrane-bound structures such as the nucleus. Instead DNA bundles together in a region called the Nucleoid. The most note-worthy organisms with prokaryotic cells are bacteria and archaea.
What is archaea?
Archaea refers to single celled organisms that look like bacteria but have a different molecular make-up to bacteria.
What is a eukaryotic cell? Give three examples of organisms that contain eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells are cells whose organelles are contained within a plasma membrance eg nucleus and mitochondria etc. Organisms containing eukaryotic cells include protists, fungi and plants.
What are protists?
Protists are single celled organisms from the family Protista. Includes protozoa, and some algae.
Do prokaryotes contain mitochondria?
No
Evolutionary theory about mitochondria?
That it was once a prokaryotic cell that evolved to live within a eukaryotic cell and help it function.
What are the five structures within the cell that are related to genetic control.
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
What is the function of the nucleus?
It holds the DNA
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Synthesise rybosomal RNA which creates proteins to form Ribosomes
What is chromatin?
it is the mix of protein and DNA that is located within the nucleus
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
It controls the flow of material in and out of the cell.
What is the function of the nuclear pores?
To regulate the entry and exit of large molecules, and to connect the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum
What are the four organelles within a cell that are involved in manufacturing and distribution?
Ribosomes, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body
What is the part of the DNA that is used as a code for protein making instructions?
mRNA (Messenger Ribonucleic acid)
Where is mRNA produced?
In the nucleus of the cell
How does the mRNA and the ribosome work together?
The mRNA travels outside of the nucleus where there is a ribosome. They connect and the ribosome reads the mRNA instructions before making proteins based on those instructions.
What is the function of the rough ER?
The rough ER has ribosomes attached to it (which is why it is rough). It secretes and packages protein before sending it to the golgi aparatus
What is the function of the smooth ER?
It synthesises lipids, hormones, and detoxifying hormones. The body will produce more smooth ER to detoxify alcohol.
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
The golgi apparatus receives the vessel of protein from the rough ER. As the protein travels through the golgi apparatus, the organelle modifies it before it reaches the end and is sent to it’s destination.
How is the protein modified int the golgi apparatus?
Sugar substitution and phosphate tags are added to the proteins to ensure they reach the correct destination.
What organelle is responsible for digestion?
The lysosomes.
What is the function of lysosomes?
They are compartments that carry digestive enzymes. Lysosomes engulf food particles or damaged organelles.
What happens to an organelle that is engulfed by a lysosome?
The lysosome will then recycle the organelle on the form of organic molecules for it to be used later.
Which organelle is responsible for energy processing? a) in humans/animals, b) in plants
The mitochondria
The chloroplast
