Cells

Question 1

What is a prokaryotic cell? Give two examples of organisms that are structured as such.

Answer 1

A prokaryotic cell is a small simple cell that lacks membrane-bound structures such as the nucleus. Instead DNA bundles together in a region called the Nucleoid. The most note-worthy organisms with prokaryotic cells are bacteria and archaea.

Question 2

What is archaea?

Answer 2

Archaea refers to single celled organisms that look like bacteria but have a different molecular make-up to bacteria.

Question 3

What is a eukaryotic cell? Give three examples of organisms that contain eukaryotic cells.

Answer 3

Eukaryotic cells are cells whose organelles are contained within a plasma membrance eg nucleus and mitochondria etc. Organisms containing eukaryotic cells include protists, fungi and plants.

Question 4

What are protists?

Answer 4

Protists are single celled organisms from the family Protista. Includes protozoa, and some algae.

Question 5

Do prokaryotes contain mitochondria?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

Evolutionary theory about mitochondria?

Answer 6

That it was once a prokaryotic cell that evolved to live within a eukaryotic cell and help it function.

Question 7

What are the five structures within the cell that are related to genetic control.

Answer 7

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Nuclear envelope

Nuclear pores

Question 8

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 8

It holds the DNA

Question 9

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 9

Synthesise rybosomal RNA which creates proteins to form Ribosomes

Question 10

What is chromatin?

Answer 10

it is the mix of protein and DNA that is located within the nucleus

Question 11

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 11

It controls the flow of material in and out of the cell.

Question 12

What is the function of the nuclear pores?

Answer 12

To regulate the entry and exit of large molecules, and to connect the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

What are the four organelles within a cell that are involved in manufacturing and distribution?

Answer 13

Ribosomes, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body

Question 14

What is the part of the DNA that is used as a code for protein making instructions?

Answer 14

mRNA (Messenger Ribonucleic acid)

Question 15

Where is mRNA produced?

Answer 15

In the nucleus of the cell

Question 16

How does the mRNA and the ribosome work together?

Answer 16

The mRNA travels outside of the nucleus where there is a ribosome. They connect and the ribosome reads the mRNA instructions before making proteins based on those instructions.

Question 17

What is the function of the rough ER?

Answer 17

The rough ER has ribosomes attached to it (which is why it is rough). It secretes and packages protein before sending it to the golgi aparatus

Question 18

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Answer 18

It synthesises lipids, hormones, and detoxifying hormones. The body will produce more smooth ER to detoxify alcohol.

Question 19

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 19

The golgi apparatus receives the vessel of protein from the rough ER. As the protein travels through the golgi apparatus, the organelle modifies it before it reaches the end and is sent to it’s destination.

Question 20

How is the protein modified int the golgi apparatus?

Answer 20

Sugar substitution and phosphate tags are added to the proteins to ensure they reach the correct destination.

Question 21

What organelle is responsible for digestion?

Answer 21

The lysosomes.

Question 22

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 22

They are compartments that carry digestive enzymes. Lysosomes engulf food particles or damaged organelles.

Question 23

What happens to an organelle that is engulfed by a lysosome?

Answer 23

The lysosome will then recycle the organelle on the form of organic molecules for it to be used later.

Question 24

Which organelle is responsible for energy processing? a) in humans/animals, b) in plants

Answer 24

The mitochondria

The chloroplast

Question 25

What is mitosis?

Answer 25

A type of cell division where each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells.

Question 26

What is meiosis?

Answer 26

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells that has half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell. eg sex cells spermatazoa and ovum.

Question 27

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 27

It carries out cellular respiration within a cell.

Question 28

How does mitochondria power cells?

Answer 28

It uses oxygen in transforming chemical energy of foods to form ATP.

Question 29

How does the chloroplast power plant cells?

Answer 29

With photosynthesis. (Details of photosynthesis will be in another list of cards).

Question 30

What is the stroma?

Answer 30

It is the fluid within the chloroplast that holds the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and other enzymes.

Question 31

What are thylokoids?

Answer 31

Solar power packs that store green chlorophyll.

Question 32

What is a granum?

Answer 32

A stack of green thylakoid.

Question 33

What are the three similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 33

1) They have their own DNA.
2) They have their own ribosomes that are similar to prokaryote ribosomes.
3) They replicate/reproduce separately within each cell.

Question 34

Explain the endosymbiont theory:

Answer 34

The chloroplast and mitochondrion were prokaryotes that began living inside larger cells. The larger cells would have benefitted from the endosymbiont as they use oxygen to produce large amounts of energy. Over time the host and the endosymbiont would become so dependant on one another that they become fused over generations.