Photography Final Flashcards
What did Joseph Niepce Invent?
The Heliography
Artist Louis Daguerre was hindered in his research because of his ignorance of physics and
Chemistry
Daguerre’s early process was flawed because the photographic image was not _______. When exposed to the sun it would fade away
Permanent
Across the english channel this man was also working on capturing a photographic image. William Henry _____-Talbot
Fox
Fox-Talbot’s contribution to photography was creating a process that included a negative and a ______
Positive
The Daguerreotype was unveiled to the french academy of science in the year
1839
A daguerreotype portrait required _____ Exposure times
Slower
Talbot improved his process by exposing wet paper in the camera. He called them _____ from the greek meaning “Beautiful pictures”
Calotypes
A new Collodion process required the photographer to use wet plates. It combined the _____ of the Daguerreotype with the reproducibility of the calotype
Sharpness
Civil war photographer Matthew _____ ran a studio whose photographer captured the horrors of battle and a portrait of Abe Lincoln
Bradey
Edward Muybridge invented a fast mechanical _______ that captured a galloping horse to prove all four hooves came off of the ground at once.
Shutter
Geurge Eastman of Rochester, New York wanted a memorable name for his photographic company. He called it
Kodak
Eastmans slogan: “You press the button, ______
We do the rest
One of Eastmans greatest contributions to photography was replacing photographic plates with flexible ____
Film
A New york photographer Alfred Stiegletz opened a gallery that showed how photography could be accepted as fine ____
Art
The Lumiere Brothers in france used potato starch to come up with a primitive color process called ______
Autochrome
Demand from motion picture studios in hollywood drove kodak to introduce _____ in 35 mm film
Color
En engineer named Edwin ___ invented a process that led to instant photography
Land
His camera later known as the _____ camera used a direct positive process to make instant pictures.
Polaroid
Who was Matthew Brady?
a pioneer in photographic documentation, known for his Civil War photography.
What is the purpose of contrast filters with multigrade RC photo paper?
used to control the contrast of black-and-white prints.
What is Photoflo, and why is it used in the darkroom?
a wetting agent used to prevent water spots and streaks on film during drying.
What is reciprocity in photography?
the relationship between aperture, shutter speed, and light intensity in exposure.
What is a 35mm slide transparency?
It is a positive film image mounted for projection or viewing.
What was Lewis Hine’s contribution to documentary photography?
used photography to highlight social issues, such as child labor.
What is DX coding?
DX coding is a barcode on film canisters that cameras read to set ISO automatically.
What is the role of middle gray in exposure metering?
Middle gray (18% reflectance) is used as a standard reference for determining correct exposure.
What is the difference between an incident light meter and a reflective light meter?
An incident meter measures light falling on a subject, while a reflective meter measures light reflected off a subject.
What were Ansel Adams’ contributions to photography?
Ansel Adams developed the Zone System for precise exposure and is renowned for his landscape photography.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of shooting JPEG vs. RAW?
JPEG files are smaller and ready-to-use but have less editing flexibility. RAW files are larger but allow more detailed adjustments.
Who led the “Pictorialists,” and what kind of images were they known for?
Alfred Stieglitz led the Pictorialists, who were known for creating artistic and painterly photographs.
Who invented the “Brownie” camera?
George Eastman invented the Brownie camera, making photography accessible to the masses.
What is the relationship between focal length and depth of field (DOF)?
Longer focal lengths produce shallower DOF, while shorter focal lengths provide deeper DOF.
What is the inverse square law of lighting?
The intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
as you move farther away from a light source, the brightness of the light decreases rapidly
What is the role of agitation in darkroom development?
Agitation ensures even development by moving fresh chemicals over the film or paper surface.
What was the Farm Security Administration’s (FSA) role in photography?
The FSA hired photographers to document the Great Depression, including Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans.
What is the Rule of Thirds?
The Rule of Thirds is a composition guideline dividing an image into thirds, horizontally and vertically, to place subjects.
What is color temperature, and how does it change from sunup to sundown?
Color temperature, measured in Kelvin, shifts from cooler tones (blue) at noon to warmer tones (orange) during sunrise and sunset.
What are lighting ratios, and what do they signify?
Lighting ratios compare the intensity of key and fill lights, determining contrast in an image.
What was Life Magazine’s contribution to documentary photography?
Life Magazine popularized photojournalism with impactful photo essays.
What is meant by the phrase “full scale print”?
A full-scale print contains the full range of tones from black to white.
What is the Sunny 16 Rule?
The Sunny 16 Rule suggests using an f/16 aperture on sunny days with a shutter speed equal to the ISO.
Why are backgrounds important in photography?
Backgrounds enhance or detract from the subject by influencing composition and focus.
What is vignetting in photography?
Vignetting is a gradual darkening of image corners, which can occur naturally or be added for artistic effect.
What are the primary lights in a 3-way lighting setup?
The primary lights are key, fill, and backlight. A fourth common light is hair or rim light.
What is the difference between glossy, semi-gloss, and matte paper surfaces?
Glossy paper has a shiny finish, semi-gloss is less reflective, and matte has a flat, non-reflective surface.
What are shooting modes, and when should they be used?
Auto: General photography
Aperture Priority: Control depth of field
Shutter Priority: Capture motion
Manual: Full creative control
What is softproofing?
Softproofing simulates how an image will look when printed.
What is the meaning of B and Bulb modes?
B (Bulb) mode keeps the shutter open as long as the shutter release is pressed, useful for long exposures.
What is the Sabattier effect?
The Sabattier effect is a partial image reversal achieved by exposing a developing photograph to light.
What is the purpose of using curves in Photoshop?
Curves adjust contrast and brightness across specific tonal ranges in an image.
What is the role of National Geographic in photography history?
National Geographic popularized photojournalism and printed color photography.
What is a histogram in photography?
A histogram shows the distribution of tones in an image, from shadows to highlights.
What are prime and zoom lenses, and what are their pros and cons?
Prime: Fixed focal length, sharper images, lighter
Zoom: Variable focal length, more versatile, heavier
What is HDR photography?
HDR (High Dynamic Range) photography combines multiple exposures to retain detail in highlights and shadows.
What are additive and subtractive color primaries?
Additive: Red, green, blue (used in screens)
Subtractive: Cyan, magenta, yellow (used in printing)
What are key composition elements?
Leading lines, balance, headroom, and negative space improve image composition.
What kind of pictures work best with HDR photos?
scenes with a high contrast between light and dark areas
What is a bracket in photography?
Bracketing involves taking several shots of the same subject at different exposures.
What is the dodge tool in image editing?
The dodge tool lightens specific areas of an image.
What is the burn tool in image editing?
The burn tool darkens specific areas of an image.
What is a polarizing filter?
A polarizing filter reduces reflections and glare, enhancing color saturation.
What is the purpose of a printing profile?
Printing profiles ensure color accuracy between a monitor and printer.
What is the Calotype process?
uses paper coated with silver iodide.
Who was George Eastman, and what were his contributions?
George Eastman founded Kodak and revolutionized photography with roll film.
What is the difference between diffuse and direct light?
Diffuse light is soft and even, while direct light is harsh and focused.
What are dye-based vs. pigmented inks?
Dye-based inks are vibrant but less durable, while pigmented inks are longer-lasting.
How does the color temperature of the sun change throughout the day?
The sun’s color temperature changes from warm at sunrise and sunset to cooler at noon.
What is negative density in film photography?
Negative density refers to the opacity of a film negative.
What is the concept of equivalent exposure?
Equivalent exposure balances aperture, shutter speed, and ISO for the same exposure value.
What is the relationship between additive and subtractive color primaries?
Additive primaries mix light to create color, while subtractive primaries mix pigments.
What is bit depth, and how does it relate to a pixel?
Bit depth defines the number of bits used to represent the color of a single pixel
Who was William Henry Fox Talbot, and what were his contributions to photography?
William Henry Fox Talbot was an English scientist and inventor who pioneered photography with his calotype process, the first practical method of producing multiple copies from a negative.
Who is Annie Leibovitz, and why is she significant in photography?
Annie Leibovitz is a portrait photographer known for her iconic images of celebrities and her artistic, conceptual approach
What are at least 3-4 ways to achieve a shallow depth of field (DOF)?
- Use a wide aperture (low f-stop, e.g., f/1.8).
- Move closer to your subject.
- Use a telephoto lens or zoom in.
- Increase the distance between the subject and the background.
Who was the French photographer considered the father of photojournalism?
Henri Cartier-Bresson and is known for his decisive moment approach to capturing candid photographs.
How does temperature affect film development?
Higher temperatures speed up chemical reactions in film development, Lower temperatures slow the process, requiring longer development times.
What is the difference between hard light and soft light?
Hard light creates sharp, defined shadows, while soft light produces even, diffused shadows and a more flattering appearance.
What is the effect of diffusion modifiers in lighting?
Diffusion modifiers, like softboxes and umbrellas, scatter light to soften shadows and reduce harshness.
What are the advantages of LED lighting in photography?
LED lights are energy-efficient, produce minimal heat, have adjustable color temperatures, and provide continuous lighting for video or still photography.
Who was Joseph Nicéphore Niépce?
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was a French inventor who created the first permanent photograph using a process called heliography.
Auto shooting mode
Auto: Fully automatic; best for beginners or quick snapshots.
P Shooting mode
Program: Semi-automatic; the camera sets aperture and shutter speed while allowing user adjustments for ISO and exposure.
Av
Aperture Priority: User selects aperture; best for controlling depth of field.
Tv Shooting Mode
Shutter Priority: User selects shutter speed; best for freezing or blurring motion.
M shooting mode
Manual: Full control of settings; ideal for creative or challenging lighting conditions.
What is a daguerreotype, and who invented it?
The daguerreotype is an early photographic process using a polished silver-plated copper sheet to create highly detailed images, invented by Louis Daguerre.
What is the collodion wet-plate process?
An early photographic technique that required coating a glass plate with collodion and exposing it while still wet to create detailed negatives or tintypes.
Who was Paul Strand, and what is straight photography?
Paul Strand was a pioneer of straight photography, emphasizing sharp focus, detail, and an unmanipulated portrayal of subjects.
How do colors affect the illusion of depth in photography?
Warm colors (reds, yellows) appear closer, while cool colors (blues, greens) appear farther away, creating a sense of depth.
What is print toning, and how do sepia and blue tones differ?
Print toning changes the color of a photograph. Sepia creates a warm, antique feel, while blue tones give a cooler, moody effect
What are macro, prime, telephoto, zoom, and wide-angle lenses used for?
- Macro: Close-up shots of small subjects.
- Prime: Fixed focal length; sharper images and larger apertures.
- Telephoto: Distant subjects; compresses perspective.
- Zoom: Versatility with variable focal lengths.
- Wide-angle: Landscapes or tight spaces with a broader field of view.
What are the primary factors that affect depth of field?
Aperture size, focal length, subject distance, and sensor size.
What are the best Photoshop tools to eliminate dust?
Spot Healing Brush, Clone Stamp Tool, and Content-Aware Fill.
What are the differences between dSLR cameras with APS-C sensors vs. full-frame or 35mm film cameras?
APS-C sensors have a crop factor, reducing the field of view, while full-frame sensors match 35mm film dimensions and offer better low-light performance and depth of field control.
What is meant by shooting with a “fast lens”?
A lens with a wide maximum aperture (e.g., f/1.8 or f/2.8), allowing faster shutter speeds in low light.
What is noise in digital photography?
Noise appears as grain or speckles in an image, often caused by high ISO settings or low light conditions.
What is shutter lag?
The delay between pressing the shutter button and the camera capturing the image.
What is image stabilization in photography?
A technology that reduces camera shake to produce sharper images, especially at slower shutter speeds.
What is Kodachrome?
Kodachrome was a color film known for its rich colors and archival stability, widely used in the 20th century.
What is the difference between Photoshop and Lightroom?
Photoshop is for detailed image editing and manipulation, while Lightroom focuses on workflow, batch editing, and organizing photos.
SLR Camera
Interchangeable lenses, optical viewfinder
Rangefinder Camera
Compact, accurate manual focus
Twin Lens Camera
Two lenses for viewing and capturing
Mirrorless Camera
Lightweight, digital viewfinder
Who was Paul Strand?
A pioneer in straight photography and an American photographer
What is straight Photography?
Photography that emphasises sharpness and detail. Rejects manipulation
What was one of Paul strands most famous works?
Wall Street
