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Photography > Photography Final > Flashcards

Photography Final Flashcards

1
Q

What did Joseph Niepce Invent?

A

The Heliography

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2
Q

Artist Louis Daguerre was hindered in his research because of his ignorance of physics and

A

Chemistry

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3
Q

Daguerre’s early process was flawed because the photographic image was not _______. When exposed to the sun it would fade away

A

Permanent

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4
Q

Across the english channel this man was also working on capturing a photographic image. William Henry _____-Talbot

A

Fox

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5
Q

Fox-Talbot’s contribution to photography was creating a process that included a negative and a ______

A

Positive

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6
Q

The Daguerreotype was unveiled to the french academy of science in the year

A

1839

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7
Q

A daguerreotype portrait required _____ Exposure times

A

Slower

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8
Q

Talbot improved his process by exposing wet paper in the camera. He called them _____ from the greek meaning “Beautiful pictures”

A

Calotypes

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9
Q

A new Collodion process required the photographer to use wet plates. It combined the _____ of the Daguerreotype with the reproducibility of the calotype

A

Sharpness

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10
Q

Civil war photographer Matthew _____ ran a studio whose photographer captured the horrors of battle and a portrait of Abe Lincoln

A

Bradey

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11
Q

Edward Muybridge invented a fast mechanical _______ that captured a galloping horse to prove all four hooves came off of the ground at once.

A

Shutter

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12
Q

Geurge Eastman of Rochester, New York wanted a memorable name for his photographic company. He called it

A

Kodak

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13
Q

Eastmans slogan: “You press the button, ______

A

We do the rest

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14
Q

One of Eastmans greatest contributions to photography was replacing photographic plates with flexible ____

A

Film

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15
Q

A New york photographer Alfred Stiegletz opened a gallery that showed how photography could be accepted as fine ____

A

Art

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16
Q

The Lumiere Brothers in france used potato starch to come up with a primitive color process called ______

A

Autochrome

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17
Q

Demand from motion picture studios in hollywood drove kodak to introduce _____ in 35 mm film

A

Color

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18
Q

En engineer named Edwin ___ invented a process that led to instant photography

A

Land

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19
Q

His camera later known as the _____ camera used a direct positive process to make instant pictures.

A

Polaroid

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20
Q

Who was Matthew Brady?

A

a pioneer in photographic documentation, known for his Civil War photography.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of contrast filters with multigrade RC photo paper?

A

used to control the contrast of black-and-white prints.

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22
Q

What is Photoflo, and why is it used in the darkroom?

A

a wetting agent used to prevent water spots and streaks on film during drying.

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23
Q

What is reciprocity in photography?

A

the relationship between aperture, shutter speed, and light intensity in exposure.

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24
Q

What is a 35mm slide transparency?

A

It is a positive film image mounted for projection or viewing.

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25
Q

What was Lewis Hine’s contribution to documentary photography?

A

used photography to highlight social issues, such as child labor.

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26
Q

What is DX coding?

A

DX coding is a barcode on film canisters that cameras read to set ISO automatically.

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27
Q

What is the role of middle gray in exposure metering?

A

Middle gray (18% reflectance) is used as a standard reference for determining correct exposure.

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28
Q

What is the difference between an incident light meter and a reflective light meter?

A

An incident meter measures light falling on a subject, while a reflective meter measures light reflected off a subject.

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29
Q

What were Ansel Adams’ contributions to photography?

A

Ansel Adams developed the Zone System for precise exposure and is renowned for his landscape photography.

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30
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of shooting JPEG vs. RAW?

A

JPEG files are smaller and ready-to-use but have less editing flexibility. RAW files are larger but allow more detailed adjustments.

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31
Q

Who led the “Pictorialists,” and what kind of images were they known for?

A

Alfred Stieglitz led the Pictorialists, who were known for creating artistic and painterly photographs.

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32
Q

Who invented the “Brownie” camera?

A

George Eastman invented the Brownie camera, making photography accessible to the masses.

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33
Q

What is the relationship between focal length and depth of field (DOF)?

A

Longer focal lengths produce shallower DOF, while shorter focal lengths provide deeper DOF.

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34
Q

What is the inverse square law of lighting?

A

The intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

as you move farther away from a light source, the brightness of the light decreases rapidly

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35
Q

What is the role of agitation in darkroom development?

A

Agitation ensures even development by moving fresh chemicals over the film or paper surface.

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36
Q

What was the Farm Security Administration’s (FSA) role in photography?

A

The FSA hired photographers to document the Great Depression, including Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans.

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37
Q

What is the Rule of Thirds?

A

The Rule of Thirds is a composition guideline dividing an image into thirds, horizontally and vertically, to place subjects.

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38
Q

What is color temperature, and how does it change from sunup to sundown?

A

Color temperature, measured in Kelvin, shifts from cooler tones (blue) at noon to warmer tones (orange) during sunrise and sunset.

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39
Q

What are lighting ratios, and what do they signify?

A

Lighting ratios compare the intensity of key and fill lights, determining contrast in an image.

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40
Q

What was Life Magazine’s contribution to documentary photography?

A

Life Magazine popularized photojournalism with impactful photo essays.

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41
Q

What is meant by the phrase “full scale print”?

A

A full-scale print contains the full range of tones from black to white.

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42
Q

What is the Sunny 16 Rule?

A

The Sunny 16 Rule suggests using an f/16 aperture on sunny days with a shutter speed equal to the ISO.

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43
Q

Why are backgrounds important in photography?

A

Backgrounds enhance or detract from the subject by influencing composition and focus.

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44
Q

What is vignetting in photography?

A

Vignetting is a gradual darkening of image corners, which can occur naturally or be added for artistic effect.

45
Q

What are the primary lights in a 3-way lighting setup?

A

The primary lights are key, fill, and backlight. A fourth common light is hair or rim light.

46
Q

What is the difference between glossy, semi-gloss, and matte paper surfaces?

A

Glossy paper has a shiny finish, semi-gloss is less reflective, and matte has a flat, non-reflective surface.

47
Q

What are shooting modes, and when should they be used?

A

Auto: General photography

Aperture Priority: Control depth of field

Shutter Priority: Capture motion

Manual: Full creative control

48
Q

What is softproofing?

A

Softproofing simulates how an image will look when printed.

49
Q

What is the meaning of B and Bulb modes?

A

B (Bulb) mode keeps the shutter open as long as the shutter release is pressed, useful for long exposures.

50
Q

What is the Sabattier effect?

A

The Sabattier effect is a partial image reversal achieved by exposing a developing photograph to light.

51
Q

What is the purpose of using curves in Photoshop?

A

Curves adjust contrast and brightness across specific tonal ranges in an image.

52
Q

What is the role of National Geographic in photography history?

A

National Geographic popularized photojournalism and printed color photography.

53
Q

What is a histogram in photography?

A

A histogram shows the distribution of tones in an image, from shadows to highlights.

54
Q

What are prime and zoom lenses, and what are their pros and cons?

A

Prime: Fixed focal length, sharper images, lighter

Zoom: Variable focal length, more versatile, heavier

55
Q

What is HDR photography?

A

HDR (High Dynamic Range) photography combines multiple exposures to retain detail in highlights and shadows.

56
Q

What are additive and subtractive color primaries?

A

Additive: Red, green, blue (used in screens)

Subtractive: Cyan, magenta, yellow (used in printing)

57
Q

What are key composition elements?

A

Leading lines, balance, headroom, and negative space improve image composition.

58
Q

What kind of pictures work best with HDR photos?

A

scenes with a high contrast between light and dark areas

59
Q

What is a bracket in photography?

A

Bracketing involves taking several shots of the same subject at different exposures.

60
Q

What is the dodge tool in image editing?

A

The dodge tool lightens specific areas of an image.

61
Q

What is the burn tool in image editing?

A

The burn tool darkens specific areas of an image.

62
Q

What is a polarizing filter?

A

A polarizing filter reduces reflections and glare, enhancing color saturation.

63
Q

What is the purpose of a printing profile?

A

Printing profiles ensure color accuracy between a monitor and printer.

64
Q

What is the Calotype process?

A

uses paper coated with silver iodide.

65
Q

Who was George Eastman, and what were his contributions?

A

George Eastman founded Kodak and revolutionized photography with roll film.

66
Q

What is the difference between diffuse and direct light?

A

Diffuse light is soft and even, while direct light is harsh and focused.

67
Q

What are dye-based vs. pigmented inks?

A

Dye-based inks are vibrant but less durable, while pigmented inks are longer-lasting.

68
Q

How does the color temperature of the sun change throughout the day?

A

The sun’s color temperature changes from warm at sunrise and sunset to cooler at noon.

69
Q

What is negative density in film photography?

A

Negative density refers to the opacity of a film negative.

70
Q

What is the concept of equivalent exposure?

A

Equivalent exposure balances aperture, shutter speed, and ISO for the same exposure value.

71
Q

What is the relationship between additive and subtractive color primaries?

A

Additive primaries mix light to create color, while subtractive primaries mix pigments.

72
Q

What is bit depth, and how does it relate to a pixel?

A

Bit depth defines the number of bits used to represent the color of a single pixel

73
Q

Who was William Henry Fox Talbot, and what were his contributions to photography?

A

William Henry Fox Talbot was an English scientist and inventor who pioneered photography with his calotype process, the first practical method of producing multiple copies from a negative.

74
Q

Who is Annie Leibovitz, and why is she significant in photography?

A

Annie Leibovitz is a portrait photographer known for her iconic images of celebrities and her artistic, conceptual approach

75
Q

What are at least 3-4 ways to achieve a shallow depth of field (DOF)?

A
  1. Use a wide aperture (low f-stop, e.g., f/1.8).
  2. Move closer to your subject.
  3. Use a telephoto lens or zoom in.
  4. Increase the distance between the subject and the background.
76
Q

Who was the French photographer considered the father of photojournalism?

A

Henri Cartier-Bresson and is known for his decisive moment approach to capturing candid photographs.

77
Q

How does temperature affect film development?

A

Higher temperatures speed up chemical reactions in film development, Lower temperatures slow the process, requiring longer development times.

78
Q

What is the difference between hard light and soft light?

A

Hard light creates sharp, defined shadows, while soft light produces even, diffused shadows and a more flattering appearance.

79
Q

What is the effect of diffusion modifiers in lighting?

A

Diffusion modifiers, like softboxes and umbrellas, scatter light to soften shadows and reduce harshness.

80
Q

What are the advantages of LED lighting in photography?

A

LED lights are energy-efficient, produce minimal heat, have adjustable color temperatures, and provide continuous lighting for video or still photography.

81
Q

Who was Joseph Nicéphore Niépce?

A

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was a French inventor who created the first permanent photograph using a process called heliography.

82
Q

Auto shooting mode

A

Auto: Fully automatic; best for beginners or quick snapshots.

83
Q

P Shooting mode

A

Program: Semi-automatic; the camera sets aperture and shutter speed while allowing user adjustments for ISO and exposure.

84
Q

Av

A

Aperture Priority: User selects aperture; best for controlling depth of field.

85
Q

Tv Shooting Mode

A

Shutter Priority: User selects shutter speed; best for freezing or blurring motion.

86
Q

M shooting mode

A

Manual: Full control of settings; ideal for creative or challenging lighting conditions.

87
Q

What is a daguerreotype, and who invented it?

A

The daguerreotype is an early photographic process using a polished silver-plated copper sheet to create highly detailed images, invented by Louis Daguerre.

88
Q

What is the collodion wet-plate process?

A

An early photographic technique that required coating a glass plate with collodion and exposing it while still wet to create detailed negatives or tintypes.

89
Q

Who was Paul Strand, and what is straight photography?

A

Paul Strand was a pioneer of straight photography, emphasizing sharp focus, detail, and an unmanipulated portrayal of subjects.

90
Q

How do colors affect the illusion of depth in photography?

A

Warm colors (reds, yellows) appear closer, while cool colors (blues, greens) appear farther away, creating a sense of depth.

91
Q

What is print toning, and how do sepia and blue tones differ?

A

Print toning changes the color of a photograph. Sepia creates a warm, antique feel, while blue tones give a cooler, moody effect

92
Q

What are macro, prime, telephoto, zoom, and wide-angle lenses used for?

A
  1. Macro: Close-up shots of small subjects.
  2. Prime: Fixed focal length; sharper images and larger apertures.
  3. Telephoto: Distant subjects; compresses perspective.
  4. Zoom: Versatility with variable focal lengths.
  5. Wide-angle: Landscapes or tight spaces with a broader field of view.
93
Q

What are the primary factors that affect depth of field?

A

Aperture size, focal length, subject distance, and sensor size.

94
Q

What are the best Photoshop tools to eliminate dust?

A

Spot Healing Brush, Clone Stamp Tool, and Content-Aware Fill.

95
Q

What are the differences between dSLR cameras with APS-C sensors vs. full-frame or 35mm film cameras?

A

APS-C sensors have a crop factor, reducing the field of view, while full-frame sensors match 35mm film dimensions and offer better low-light performance and depth of field control.

96
Q

What is meant by shooting with a “fast lens”?

A

A lens with a wide maximum aperture (e.g., f/1.8 or f/2.8), allowing faster shutter speeds in low light.

97
Q

What is noise in digital photography?

A

Noise appears as grain or speckles in an image, often caused by high ISO settings or low light conditions.

98
Q

What is shutter lag?

A

The delay between pressing the shutter button and the camera capturing the image.

99
Q

What is image stabilization in photography?

A

A technology that reduces camera shake to produce sharper images, especially at slower shutter speeds.

100
Q

What is Kodachrome?

A

Kodachrome was a color film known for its rich colors and archival stability, widely used in the 20th century.

101
Q

What is the difference between Photoshop and Lightroom?

A

Photoshop is for detailed image editing and manipulation, while Lightroom focuses on workflow, batch editing, and organizing photos.

102
Q

SLR Camera

A

Interchangeable lenses, optical viewfinder

103
Q

Rangefinder Camera

A

Compact, accurate manual focus

104
Q

Twin Lens Camera

A

Two lenses for viewing and capturing

105
Q

Mirrorless Camera

A

Lightweight, digital viewfinder

106
Q

Who was Paul Strand?

A

A pioneer in straight photography and an American photographer

107
Q

What is straight Photography?

A

Photography that emphasises sharpness and detail. Rejects manipulation

108
Q

What was one of Paul strands most famous works?

A

Wall Street

Photography (14 decks)

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