Midterm Flashcards
If you were shopping for a new lens and wanted the fastest possible, which of the following would be the best choice?
A f/2.0 Lens
Which of the following procedures is the most helpful at avoiding camera shake?
Using a shutter speed of 1/1000
Fast films are characterized by ____ than slow films
Larger grain and less sharpness
Usually the slower the film speed the ____
Greater the sharpness
Given a shutter speed setting of 1/125, you could double the exposure by keeping the aperture the same and setting the shutter at
1/60
Your camera is set at f/11. To open up three stops, you would set your aperture at
f/4
Which of the following settings will give the least depth of field at any given distance
f/1.4
As you stop down, depth of field _____ and light passing through the aperture _____
Increases/decreases
Under certain conditions you find that a correct exposure reading is 1/125 at f/4. An equivalent exposure is 1/30 at
f/8
1/1000 at f/5.6 is equivalent to ____ at f/16
1/60
1/500 at f/22 is equivalent to ____ at f/5.6
1/60
If you wanted to decrease the contrast on a given print, which contrast filter would you use
4
While enlarging a negative, you can give less exposure to a certain portion of your print that otherwise would be too dark by
dodging
Peace and tranquility is suggested by a _____ line of composition
Horizontal
For a film rater ISO 100, you find that a correct exposure is 1/250 at f/5.6. If your film were rated is ISO 50 you correct exposure under the same conditions would be _____ at f/5.6
1/125
Your light meter expects a reflectance equal to
a 18% gray card
Latitude in film is the ability of film to
the ability to make an acceptable print without the correct amount of light
On most SLR cameras the focusing of the lens is done with
the aperture wide open
A lighting ratio of 3:1 means how much difference between the key and fill light?
2 f-stops
If you are photographing a dinosaur using a 500mm lens it is a good idea to keep far away so you wont be squished. What is the slowest shutter speed you could use if you hold that lens by hand.
1/500
If your camera says you are going to overexpose the film you may correct the exposure by
set aperture to a smaller f number
What do photographers call unwanted light that reflects or scatters inside a lens or camera?
Flare
During processing of film the ____ changes the exposed film grains into dark thick deposits of silver which appear black to the eye.
developer
One a negative the clear areas represent the _____ parts of our subject
white
The closer the camera gets to the subject the _____ depth of field.
greater
Which of the following is considered a good portrait lens for a 35mm film camera?
50mm
A lens with a focal length of 400mm will makes a row of cars on the freeway look ______
bunched together
Camera shake from hand-holding a camera is most noticeable with a _______ lens
telephoto
An under-exposed negative will be
light almost clear
A red filter placed on the lens while using black and white film will cause something that is red in our subject to look ____ in our finished prints.
darker
Prints that turn purple in a few days
were not fixed long enough
Negatives are placed in the enlarger negative holder ______
Shiny side up
What filter would you put on a camera lens using black and white film to make a blue sky appear darker?
red
What kind of kodak developer do we use in our photo lab to develop our ISO 400
D-76 1:1
When we add light to only a small portion of a print after the main exposure we are _____
burning in
If we take black and white photos in the snow in bright sunlight our light meter will try to turn the snow gray. To fix this we must set the exposure to
Let in more light
If you are using 400 ISO film and do not have a light meter you can get good exposures in bright sun by setting the shutter to ____ and f/16
1/500
Which type of lighting will bring out the texture of the surface of a subject?
Side
A lens with a short focal length used for photographs of landscapes or inside of a building in tight quarters is called
Wide angle
This term describes a print having a wide range of tonal values from deep rich black through many shades of gray to brilliant white
Full scale
The more diffused a light source is the more ____ the light
softer
If you have a lighting ratio of 2:1 the key light is _____ as bright as the dark side of the subjects face
twice
ISO Numbers
100
200
400
800
1600
3200
6400
12800
Shutter Speed
1/2
1/4
1/8
1/15
1/30
1/60
1/125
1/250
1/500
1/1000
F-stops
f/16
f/11
f/8
f/ 5.6
f/4
f/2.8
Aperture Defintion
the opening in a camera lens that controls the amount of light entering the camera.
ISO Definition
the sensitivity of your camera’s sensor to light
Four point light system
a key light, fill light, backlight, and background light
Contrast filter
control the contrast between light and dark areas in an image
Sunny 16 Rule
help determine proper exposure without a light meter
Macro lens
camera lens designed for close-up photography
Incident-light meter
measure the amount of light falling onto a subject
Depth of field
the zone of acceptable sharpness or focus in an image
Focal plane shutter
controls the exposure by moving two across the sensor or film, exposing it to light for a precise amount of time
DX coding
allows the camera to read the film’s speed (ISO), number of exposures, and exposure latitude
Dodge
selectively lighten specific areas of an image
Middle or 18% grey
a neutral gray that reflects 18% of the light that hits it
Color temperature
indicates the color appearance of the light
Emulsion
a light-sensitive coating applied to photographic film or paper that contains silver halide crystals suspended in a gelatin medium
Bracket
a technique used to ensure that at least one of a series of shots will have the correct exposure
Focal length
defines its optical power and affects the composition and perspective of photographs
Hard light
lighting that creates strong, well-defined shadows and highlights in a photograph
Diffusion
softening or scattering light to reduce its harshness and create a more even illumination
Shutter priority
allows the photographer to set the shutter speed while the camera automatically adjusts the aperture to maintain proper exposure
Aperture priority
set the aperture while the camera automatically adjusts the shutter speed to maintain proper exposure
Manual SLR
full control over exposure settings, including aperture, shutter speed, and focus
Reciprocity
exposure can be maintained constant by adjusting the relationship between aperture, shutter speed, and light intensity
Hyperfocal distance
the closest distance at which a lens can be focused while keeping objects at infinity acceptably sharp
Burn
toning black-and-white prints to achieve various effects
Metering Systems:
- Averaging - all the light received
- Center-weighted - light measured in the center of the frame
- Spot - light in a very small area of the frame
- Multi-segment - multiple zones
Golden hour
time shortly after sunrise and before sunset
Panning
capture motion while keeping a moving subject relatively sharp against a blurred background
Fresnel light
focus and diffuse light
Soft box
create soft, diffused light
Umbrella reflector
reflect light
What is a “fast lens”
large maximum aperture
Techniques to create a shallow DOF
large aperture, get close to subject
Crop Factor for calculating apparent focal length on crop sensor cameras
determine the effective or “apparent” focal length of a lens
Fixer (hypo)
stabilize the image on photographic film or paper
Stop bath
halt the development of film
Wash Aid (Hypo clearing agent)
enhance the washing of film
Photo-flo (wetting agent)
enhance the drying of film
Resin-coated (RC) vs Fiber-based paper
Resin is smooth and glossy and fiber is matte
Catchlight
small reflection of light in a subject’s eyes
Filter factor
numerical value that indicates the degree to which a filter reduces the amount of light entering the camera lens
Film grain
visible particles of silver or dye
Inverse square law
the intensity of light or other forms of radiation diminishes as it travels away from a source
Telephoto lens
capture distant subjects with greater detail and magnification
Flare
stray light enters the lens
Density
darkness or opacity of a film
Photogram
photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material and exposing it to light
Parallax
shift in position of an object when viewed from different angles
Sabbatier Effect
partially reversed in tone due to overexposure during the development process
Stop down
reducing the size of the aperture in a camera lens
Neutral density filter
reduces the amount of light entering the lens without affecting the color of the image
Polarizing filter
educes reflections and glare
Soft light
gentle shadows and reducing contrast
Silver halide
light-sensitive crystals
safelight
specialized light source used in darkroom photography that emits light in a specific wavelength
gray card
neutral gray reference tool
