Phonology

Question 1

David Crystal

Answer 1

> children need to master 40+ sounds
some sounds are harder to master than others
there are only 3 nasal sounds in English (n. m, ng)
most children can pronounce sounds of the beginning and middle before sounds at the end.

Question 2

Berko and Brown > fis phenomenom

Answer 2

> children know what they mean before they can actually say and pronounce it.
a child referred to a plastic fish as his ‘fis’, when an adults said ‘is that your fis’ he replied ‘no my fis’.
this proves that understanding may develop faster than the ability to pronounce things.

Question 3

simplifying pronounciation

Answer 3

> deletion - final consonants, unstressed syllables e.g. nana for banana, consonant clusters are reduced.
subsitution - r becomes w, p becomes d, n or f, t becomes d, p becomes b.
addition - vowel added to end of word
asymilation - I consonant in a word is changed because of the influence of another in the same word.
reduplication - phoneme is repeated

Question 4

Pamela Grunwell

Answer 4

age 24 - p, b, m, d, n, w, t
age 30 - k, g, h, n
age 36 - f, s, j, l
age 42 -